Chinese Civil War
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| Traditional Chinese | 國共內戰 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 国共内战 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Kuomintang–Communist civil war | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Outline of the Chinese Civil War |
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China portal Communism portal |
The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and the forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Armed conflict continued intermittently from 1 August 1927 until Communist victory resulted in their total control over mainland China on 10 December 1949.
The war is generally divided into two phases with an interlude: from August 1927 to 1937, the First United Front alliance of the KMT and CCP collapsed during the Northern Expedition, and the Nationalists controlled most of China. From 1937 to 1945, hostilities were mostly put on hold as the Second United Front fought the Japanese invasion of China with eventual help from the Allies of World War II. However, armed clashes between the groups remained common. Exacerbating the divisions within China further was the formation of the Wang Jingwei regime, a Japan-sponsored puppet government led by Wang Jingwei, which was established to nominally govern the regions of China that came under Japanese occupation.
The civil war resumed as soon as it became apparent that Japanese defeat was imminent, with the communists gaining the upper hand in the second phase of the war from 1945 to 1949, generally referred to as the Chinese Communist Revolution. The Communists gained control of mainland China and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949, forcing the leadership of the Republic of China to retreat to the island of Taiwan.[12] Starting in the 1950s, a lasting political and military stand-off between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait has ensued, with the ROC in Taiwan and the PRC on the mainland both claiming to be the legitimate government of all China. After the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, both tacitly ceased to engage in open conflict in 1979; however, no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed.[13]
- ^ Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-598-84415-3 – via Google Books.
- ^ Li, Xiaobing (2007). A History of the Modern Chinese Army. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-813-17224-8.
- ^ a b Hsiung, James C. (1992). China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937–1945. M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 1-563-24246-X.
- ^ a b Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1994). The Rise and Fall of Communism. Atlantic. ISBN 978-8-171-56515-3.
- ^ Cao Qianfa (曹前发). 毛泽东的独创：＂兵民是胜利之本＂. People's Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ a b Ho. Studies in the Population of China. p. 253.
- ^ White, Matthew (2011). Atrocities. W. W. Norton. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
- ^ a b c Lynch, Michael (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49. Osprey.
- ^ The History of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Beijing: People's Liberation Army Press. 1983.
- ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ Lew, Christopher R.; Leung, Pak-Wah, eds. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-810-87873-0. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ Lynch, Michael (9 October 2022). "The Chinese Civil War: 1945–49". Osprey. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
There is also a sense in which the Chinese Civil War has not ended; no formal peace treaty or agreement has ever been made.