Goa

Goa (/ˈɡoʊə/ GOH-ə;^[10] Konkani: [ɡõːj]; Portuguese: [ˈɡoɐ] ^ⓘ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats.^[11][12] It is bordered by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its western coastline. It is India's smallest state by area and fourth-smallest by population.^[13] Panaji (also Panjim) is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is its largest city by population.^[14] The state's official language is Konkani, spoken by the majority of its inhabitants.^[15]

The Portuguese, who first voyaged to the subcontinent in the early 16th century as merchants, conquered it shortly thereafter. Goa became an overseas territory of the Portuguese Empire and part of what was then known as Portuguese India, remaining under Portuguese rule for approximately 451 years until its annexation by India in December 1961.^[16][17] The historic city of Margão or "Madgaon" still reflects the cultural legacy of colonisation.

Goa is one of India’s most developed small states and has the second-highest GDP per capita among all Indian states,^[18][19] more than twice the national average GDP per capita.^[20] The Eleventh Finance Commission of India named Goa the best-placed state in terms of infrastructure, while India's National Commission on Population ranked it as having the highest quality of life in the country based on 12 socio-economic indicators.^[20] It ranks highest among Indian states in the Human Development Index, and is the only Indian state classified as "very high" on the index.^[21]

Goa attracts a significant influx of both international and domestic tourists annually due to its white-sand beaches, active nightlife, religious landmarks, and UNESCO World Heritage-listed architecture. It also boasts rich biodiversity, lying near the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot. The North Goa district draws more visitors owing to its numerous restaurants, accommodation options, and a vibrant nightlife. In contrast, South Goa is noted for its serene beaches and luxury resorts, catering primarily to high-end tourists seeking privacy and tranquility.^[22]