Bihar

Bihar (Bihari languages: Bihār, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] ^ⓘ), also spelled Behar in colonial documents,^{[12][13][14][15]} is a state in Eastern India. It is the second largest state by population, the 12th largest by area, and the 14th largest by GDP in 2024.^[16][17][18] Bihar borders Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to the east, and Jharkhand to the south. Bihar is split by the river Ganges, which flows from west to east.^[5] On 15 November 2000, a large chunk of southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand.^[19] Around 11.27% of Bihar's population live in urban areas as per a 2020 report.^[20] Additionally, almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state.^[21] The official language is Hindi, which shares official status alongside that of Urdu. The main native languages are Maithili, Magahi and Bhojpuri, but there are several other languages being spoken at smaller levels.

In Ancient and Classical India, the area that is now Bihar was considered the centre of political and cultural power and as a haven of learning.^[22] Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankar led the shramana order in this region in 9th century BCE.^[23][24][25] Jainism was revived and re-organised by Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankar in 6th century BCE. From Magadha arose India's first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions: Buddhism.^[26] Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.^[27] Another region of Bihar, Mithila, was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom.^[28][29]

However, since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development.^[30] Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the policies of the central government: such as the freight equalisation policy,^[31][32] its apathy towards Bihar,^[33] lack of Bihari sub-nationalism,^[34] and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company.^[32] The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state.^[35] Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,^[36] better healthcare facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption.^[37]