Tibet (1912–1951)

This article is about the de facto independent state that existed from 1912 to 1951. For the de jure administrative division of China during this period, see Tibet Area (administrative division). For the present-day autonomous region in China, see Tibet Autonomous Region. For the geographical region, see Tibet.
Tibet
བོད་
Bod
1912–1951
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Gyallu"
Territorial extent of Tibet in 1946
StatusDe facto independent state
Capital
and largest city
Lhasa
Official languagesTibetan, Tibetic languages
Religion
Tibetan Buddhism (official)
Demonym(s)Tibetan
GovernmentDual system of government;[1] elective absolute monarchy[2]
Dalai Lama 
• 1912–1933 (first)
Thubten Gyatso
• 1937–1951 (last)
Tenzin Gyatso
Regent 
• 1934–1941 (first)
Thubten Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen
• 1941–1950 (last)
Ngawang Sungrab Thutob
Kalön Tripa 
• 1912–1920 (first)
Chankhyim Trekhang Thupten Shakya
• 1950–1951 (last)
Lobsang Tashi
LegislatureNone (rule by decree)
History 
• Declaration of Independence
4 April 1912
• Three Point Agreement[3]
12 August 1912
• 13th Dalai Lama returns
January 1913
• Simla Convention signed with Britain[4]
3 July 1914
• Tibet Office established in Nanjing[5]
1928
• Battle of Chamdo
October 1950
• Seventeen Point Agreement
23 May 1951
Area
• Total
1,221,600 km2 (471,700 sq mi)
Population
• 1945
1,000,000[6]
CurrencyTibetan skar, Tibetan srang, Tibetan tangka
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Tibet under Qing rule
Tibet Area (administrative division)
Central Tibetan Administration
Today part ofChina
∟ Tibet Autonomous Region

Tibet (Tibetan: བོད་, Wylie: Bod) was a de facto independent state in East Asia that lasted from the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until its annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951.[7]

The Tibetan Ganden Phodrang regime was a protectorate under Qing rule[8] until 1910[9] when the Qing dynasty decided to assert greater control over the region.[10][11] In 1912 the provisional government of the Republic of China (ROC) succeeded the Qing and received an imperial edict inheriting the claims over all of its territories.[12][13][14] However, the newly formed ROC was unable to assert any real authority in Tibet. The 13th Dalai Lama declared that Tibet's relationship with China ended with the fall of the Qing dynasty and proclaimed independence, although almost no country formally recognized this.[15][16][a]

After the 13th Dalai Lama's death in 1933, a condolence mission sent to Lhasa by the Kuomintang-ruled Nationalist government to start negotiations about Tibet's status was allowed to open an office and remain there, although no agreement was reached.[17]

In 1945–1949, the Nationalist government of the Republic of China lost the renewed Chinese Civil War against the Chinese Communist Party. In Tibet, the era of de facto independence ended after Tibet was annexed by the newly formed People's Republic of China in 1950–1951.

  1. ^ Shakabpa (2010), pp. 763, 1021.
  2. ^ Nakamura, Haije (1964). "Absolute Adherence to the Lamaist Social Order". Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 327.
  3. ^ "AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND TIBETANS". Archived from the original on 23 June 2017.
  4. ^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback 1963, pp. 77–78: "By refusing to sign it, however, the Chinese lost an opportunity to become the acknowledged suzerain of Tibet. The Tibetans were therefore free to make their own agreement with the British.".
  5. ^ "Gongjor Zhongnyi and the Tibet Office in Nanjing". Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
  6. ^ Goldstein (1989), p. 611.
  7. ^ Lin (2011), p. 26; Anand (2013), p. 112
  8. ^
  9. ^ "Tibetan Sovereignty Has a Long, Disputed History". NPR. 11 April 2008.
  10. ^ Ram Rahul, Central Asia: an outline history Archived 13 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1997, p. 42 : "From then [1720] until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet."
  11. ^ Barry Sautman, Tibet's Putative Statehood and International Law, in Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2010, p. 127-142: "Through its Lifan Yuan (Office of Border Affairs ...), the Chinese government handled Tibet's foreign and many of its domestic affairs. During the Qing, Tibet hosted imperial troops and border patrols, and the imperial court appointed Tibetan officials. The Lifan Yuan  ... ratified the Dalai and Panchen Lamas, created joint rule by aristocrats and high lamas and elevated the Dalai Lama above the nobles. From 1728, the ... amban handled Tibet's foreign and military affairs. From 1793, the amban had the right to identify the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. ... Monastic finances were under imperial control. ... Central-western Tibet was thus an administered territory of China under the Qing. In 1724, eastern Tibet was incorporated into existing Chinese provinces."
  12. ^ Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245. ISBN 9780742578159.
  13. ^ Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). Xiànfǎ héyǐ zhōngguó 憲法何以中國 [Why is the constitution of China]. City University of Hong Kong Press. p. 190. ISBN 9789629373214.
  14. ^ Gao, Quanxi (2016). Zhèngzhì xiànfǎ yǔ wèilái xiàn zhì 政治憲法與未來憲制 [Political Constitution and Future Constitution]. City University of Hong Kong Press. p. 273. ISBN 9789629372910.
  15. ^ Goldstein, Melvyn C.; Beall, Cynthia M. (1990), Nomads of Western Tibet, University of California Press, p. 50, ISBN 9780520072114
  16. ^ Zhu 2020.
  17. ^ Goldstein (1997), "Tibetan Attempts to Modernize", p. 37: "Chinese fortunes in Tibet improved slightly after the death of the thirteenth Dalai Lama when Tibet allowed a "condolence mission" sent by Guomindang government of Chiang Kaishek to visit Lhasa, and then permitted it to open an office to facilitate negotiations aimed at resolving the Tibet Question. These talks proved futile, but Tibet allowed the office to remain.


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