Nine Years' War
| Nine Years' War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Anglo-French Wars and the French–Habsburg rivalry | |||||||||
Left to right:
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Grand Alliance: Dutch Republic England Scotland Holy Roman Empire Spanish Empire Savoyard state | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 680,000 military deaths[12] | |||||||||
The Nine Years' War[d] was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance.[e] Fought primarily in Europe, related conflicts include the Williamite war in Ireland, and King William's War in North America.
The 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen that ended the Franco-Dutch War was the highpoint of the French expansionist policies pursued by Louis XIV. Over the next few years, he continued attempts to strengthen France's frontiers, culminating in the 1683 to 1684 War of the Reunions. The Truce of Ratisbon guaranteed these new borders for twenty years, but concerns among European Protestant states over French expansion and anti-Protestant policies led to the creation of the Grand Alliance, headed by William of Orange.
In September 1688 Louis led an army across the Rhine to seize additional territories beyond it. This move was designed to extend his influence and pressure the Holy Roman Empire into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims. However, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and German princes supported the Dutch in opposing French aims, while the November 1688 Glorious Revolution secured English resources and support for the Alliance. Over the next few years, fighting focused around the Spanish Netherlands, the Rhineland, the Duchy of Savoy, and Catalonia. Although engagements generally favoured Louis' armies, neither side was able to gain a significant advantage, and by 1696 the main belligerents were financially exhausted, making them keen to negotiate a settlement.
Under the terms of the 1697 Peace of Ryswick, French control over the entirety of Alsace was officially recognized, but Lorraine and gains on the right bank of the Rhine were relinquished and restored to their rulers. Louis XIV also recognised William III as the rightful king of England, while the Dutch acquired barrier fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands to help secure their borders and were granted a favorable commercial treaty. However, both sides viewed the peace as only a pause in hostilities, since it failed to resolve who would succeed the ailing and childless Charles II of Spain as ruler of the Spanish Empire, a question that had dominated European politics for over 30 years. This would lead to the War of the Spanish Succession in 1701.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Glete (2001), p. 156.
- ^ Stapleton (2003), p. 189.
- ^ Stapleton (2003), p. 143.
- ^ Van Nimwegen (2020), p. 59.
- ^ a b Wilson (2016), p. 461.
- ^ Stapleton (2003), pp. 88–89.
- ^ Stapleton (2003), p. 99.
- ^ a b c Van Nimwegen (2020), p. 67.
- ^ Lynn (2020), p. 167.
- ^ Bartlett & Jeffery (1997), p. 190.
- ^ Chandler (2003), p. 35.
- ^ Levy, Jack S (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495 to 1975. University Press of Kentucky. p. 90.