Shivaji

Shivaji I
Raja
Shakakarta[1]
Haindava Dharmoddharak[2]
Kshatriya Kulavantas[3]
Portrait of Shivaji (c. 1680s)
Chhatrapati of the Marathas
Reign6 June 1674 – 3 April 1680
Coronation
  • 6 June 1674 (first)
  • 24 September 1674 (second)
PredecessorPosition established
SuccessorSambhaji
PeshwaMoropant Trimbak Pingle
Born(1630-02-19)19 February 1630
Shivneri Fort, Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Died3 April 1680(1680-04-03) (aged 50)
Raigad Fort, Mahad, Maratha Empire
Spouse
Sai Bhonsale
​
​
(m. 1640; died 1659)​
    Soyarabai
    ​
    (m. 1650)​
      Putalabai
      ​
      (m. 1653)​
        Sakvarbai
        ​
        (m. 1656)​
        • Kashibai Jadhav[4]
        Issue8,[5] including Sambhaji and Rajaram I
        HouseBhonsale
        FatherShahaji
        MotherJijabai
        ReligionHinduism
        Signature

        Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation: [ʃiˈʋaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le]; c. 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680)[6] was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle dynasty.[7] Shivaji inherited a jagir from his father who served as a retainer for the Sultanate of Bijapur, which later formed the genesis of the Maratha Kingdom. In 1674, he was formally crowned the Chhatrapati of his realm at Raigad Fort.[8]

        Shivaji offered passage and his service to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to invade the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for the north due to a war of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in the name of the Mughals.[9]: 63  Following his defeat at the hands of Jai Singh I in the Battle of Purandar, Shivaji entered into vassalage with the Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief, during this time Shivaji also wrote a series of letters apologising to Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for his actions and requested additional honors for his services. He was later conferred with the title of Raja by the emperor.[10] He undertook military expeditions on behalf of the Mughal Empire for a brief duration.[11]

        In 1674, Shivaji was crowned as the king despite opposition from local Brahmins.[9]: 87 [12] Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims[13] and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces.[14] Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golconda, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy.

        Shivaji's legacy was revived by Jyotirao Phule about two centuries after his death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Indian nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and appropriated by Hindutva activists.[15][16][17][18][19]

        1. ^ Sardesai 1957, p. 222.
        2. ^ Satish Chandra (1982). Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village. Macmillan. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-333-90396-4.
        3. ^ H. S. Sardesai (2002). Shivaji, the Great Maratha. Cosmo Publications. p. 431. ISBN 978-81-7755-286-7.
        4. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, p. 260.
        5. ^ James Laine (1996). Anne Feldhaus (ed.). Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-7914-2837-5.
        6. ^ Dates are given according to the Julian calendar, see Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars.
        7. ^ Robb 2011, pp. 103–104.
        8. ^ Govind Ranade, Mahadev (1900). Rise of the Maratha Power. India: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
        9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Gordon2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
        10. ^ Eraly, A. (2007). Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls. Penguin Books Limited. p. 672. ISBN 978-93-5118-093-7. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
        11. ^ Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
        12. ^ Vajpeyi, Ananya (2005). "Excavating Identity through Tradition: Who was Shivaji?". In Varma, Supriya; Saberwal, Satish (eds.). Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History. Oxford University Press. pp. 239–268. ISBN 9780195669152.
          Edited version of Ananya, Vajpeyi (August 2004). "Making a Śūdra King: The Royal Consecration of Shivaji". Politics of complicity, poetics of contempt: A history of the Śūdra in Maharashtra, 1650–1950 CE (Thesis). University of Chicago. p. 155-226.
        13. ^ Deshpande 2015.
        14. ^ Scammell, G. (1992). European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia c. 1500–1750. Modern Asian Studies, 26(4), 641–661. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010003, [1]
        15. ^ Śinde, J.R. (1985). Dynamics of Cultural Revolution: 19th Century Maharashtra. Ajanta Publications. p. 67. Retrieved 12 October 2024. Shivaji had almost vanished from the minds of the people and the leaders of Maharashtra it was Phule who first revived them composing a ballad on Shivaji in 1869
        16. ^ Devare, A. (2013). History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self. Taylor & Francis. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-136-19707-9. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
        17. ^ Wolpert 1962, pp. 79–81.
        18. ^ Biswas, Debajyoti; Ryan, John Charles (2021). Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-00-045282-2.
        19. ^ Sengar, Bina; McMillin, Laurie Hovell (2019). Spaces and Places in Western India: Formations and Delineations. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-69155-9.
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