Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)

Kingdom of Hungary
*Magyar Királyság* (Hungarian)
*Königreich Ungarn* (German)
*Regnum Hungariae* (Latin)
Kingdom of Hungary Magyar Királyság (Hungarian); Königreich Ungarn (German); Regnum Hungariae (Latin)
1526–1867
	Coat of arms
	Motto: Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae; ("Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary")
	Anthem: "Rákóczi-induló" (Hungarian); (English: "Rákóczi March")
	Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (light blue) in personal union with the Kingdom of Croatia (red), both within the Habsburg monarchy (in shades of blue) in 1572.
Status	Crownland of Habsburg monarchy and from 1804 the Austrian Empire; In personal union with the Kingdom of Croatia (see historical context section)
Capital	Buda; (1526–1536, 1784–1873); Pressburg; (1536–1783)
Common languages	Official languages:; Latin; (before 1784; 1790–1844); German; (1784–1790; 1849–1867); Hungarian; (1836–1849)Other spoken languages:; Romanian; Slovak; Croatian; Slovene; Serbian; Italian; Ruthenian;
Religion	Catholic; Reformed; Lutheranism; Orthodox; Unitarianism; Judaism;
Demonym(s)	Hungarian
Government	Absolute monarchy
Apostolic King
• 1526–1564 (first)	Ferdinand I
• 1848–1867 (last)	Franz Joseph I
Palatine
• 1526–1530 (first)	Stephen Báthory
• 1847–1848 (last)	Stephen Francis
Legislature	Royal Diet
Historical era	Early Modern
• Battle of Mohács	29 August 1526
• Treaty of Nagyvárad	24 February 1538
• Siege of Eger	9 September – 17 October 1552
• Battle of Saint Gotthard	1 August 1664
• Wesselényi conspiracy	1664–1671
• Treaty of Karlowitz	26 January 1699
• War of Independence	1703–1711
• Hungarian Reform Era	1825-1848
• Hungarian Revolution	15 March 1848
• 1867 Compromise	30 March 1867
Currency	Forint
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)
	Hungarian State
Austria-Hungary
Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
Today part of	Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the Holy Roman Empire,^[a] but part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy that became the Austrian Empire in 1804. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the country was ruled by two crowned kings (John I and Ferdinand I). Initially, the exact territory under Habsburg rule was disputed because both rulers claimed the whole kingdom. This unsettled period lasted until 1570 when John Sigismund Zápolya (John II) abdicated as King of Hungary in Emperor Maximilian II's favor.

In the early stages, the lands that were ruled by the Habsburg Hungarian kings were regarded as both the "Kingdom of Hungary" and "Royal Hungary".^[2]^[3]^[4] Royal Hungary was the symbol of the continuity of formal law^[5] after the Ottoman occupation, because it could preserve its legal traditions,^[6] but in general, it was de facto a Habsburg province.^[7] The Hungarian nobility forced Vienna to admit that Hungary was a special unit of the Habsburg lands and had to be ruled in conformity with its own special laws.^[8] However, Hungarian historiography positioned Transylvania in a direct continuity with the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in pursuance of the advancement of Hungarian interests.^[9]

Under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz, which ended the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottomans ceded nearly all of Ottoman Hungary. The new territories were united with the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and although its powers were mostly formal, the Diet of Hungary in Pressburg ruled the lands.

Two major Hungarian rebellions were the Rákóczi's War of Independence in the early 18th century and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and marked important shifts in the evolution of the polity. The kingdom became a dual monarchy in 1867, known as Austria-Hungary.

^ Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions, Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr., Eds., Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-86516-422-3.
^ Katalin Péter, Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 22
^ Howell A. Lloyd, Glenn Burgess, European political thought 1450–1700: religion, law and philosophy, Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 177–189
^ Július Bartl, Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002, p. 60
^ Lajos Besenyei, Géza Érszegi, Maurizio Pedrazza Gorlero, De bulla aurea Andreae II regis Hungariae, 1222, Valdonega, 1999, p. 222
^ Hajdú, Zoltán, DISCUSSION PAPERS No. 44, Carpathian Basin and the Development of the Hungarian Landscape Theory Until 1948, CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, p. 10
^ Raphael Patai The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 153
^ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 91
^ István Keul, Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526-1691), Brill, 2009, p. 253

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[1] Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions, Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr., Eds., Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-86516-422-3.

[3] Katalin Péter, Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 22

[4] Howell A. Lloyd, Glenn Burgess, European political thought 1450–1700: religion, law and philosophy, Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 177–189

[5] Július Bartl, Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002, p. 60

[6] Lajos Besenyei, Géza Érszegi, Maurizio Pedrazza Gorlero, De bulla aurea Andreae II regis Hungariae, 1222, Valdonega, 1999, p. 222

[7] Hajdú, Zoltán, DISCUSSION PAPERS No. 44, Carpathian Basin and the Development of the Hungarian Landscape Theory Until 1948, CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, p. 10

[Patai-8] Raphael Patai The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 153

[9] Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 91

[10] István Keul, Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526-1691), Brill, 2009, p. 253

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