Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)

Rattanakosin Kingdom^[a]
อาณาจักรรัตนโกสินทร์ (Thai)
*Anachak Rattanakosin*
Kingdom of Siam^[b]
ราชอาณาจักรสยาม (Thai)
*Ratcha-anachak Sayam*
Rattanakosin Kingdom; อาณาจักรรัตนโกสินทร์ (Thai); Anachak RattanakosinKingdom of Siam; ราชอาณาจักรสยาม (Thai); Ratcha-anachak Sayam
1782–1932
	Top: Flag; (1832–1916); Bottom: Flag; (1917–1932) ; Top: Coat of arms; (1873–1910); Bottom: Emblem; (1911–1932)
	Motto: สพฺเพสํ สงฺฆภูตานํ สามคฺคี วุฑฺฒิ สาธิกา; Sabbesaṃ Saṅghabhūtānaṃ Sāmaggī Vuḍḍhi Sādhikā (Pāḷi); "Unity Amongst Those Uniting Brings About Success and Prosperity";
	Anthem: จอมราชจงเจริญ; Chom Rat Chong Charoen; "Long Live the Great King"; (1852–1871) ; บุหลันลอยเลื่อน; Bulan Loi Luean; "The Floating Moon on the Sky"; (1871–1888); สรรเสริญพระบารมี; Sansoen Phra Barami; "Glorify His Prestige"; (1888–1932) ;
Capital	Bangkok
Official languages	Thai (Siamese)
Spoken languages	Central Thai, Southern Thai, Northern Thai, Lao, Khmer, Malay, Various Chinese languages
Religion	Majority:; Theravada Buddhism (official); Minority:; Hinduism, Christianity, Islam;
Demonym(s)	Siamese
Government	Mandala monarchy (1782–1892); Absolute monarchy (1892–1932);
Monarch
• 1782–1809 (first)	Phutthayotfa Chulalok
• 1809–1824	Phutthaloetla Naphalai
• 1824–1851	Nangklao
• 1851–1868	Mongkut
• 1868–1910	Chulalongkorn
• 1910–1925	Vajiravudh
• 1925–1932 (last)	Prajadhipok
Viceroy
• 1782–1803 (first)	Maha Sura Singhanat
• 1868–1885 (last)	Wichaichan
Legislature	None
Historical era	Early modern era, modern period
• Establishment	6 April 1782
• Nine Armies' Wars	1785–1786
• Burney Treaty	20 June 1826
• Lao Rebellion	1826–1828
• Vietnamese–Siamese War	1841–1845
• Westernization and nationalism	1851–1932
• Bowring Treaty	18 April 1855
• Front Palace Crisis	1874–1875
• Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893	July–October 1893
• Palace Revolt	1 April 1912
• Declarations of war on Germany and Austria-Hungary	22 July 1917
• Siamese revolution	24 June 1932
Population
• Early 19th century	1,000,000–4,000,000
• 1929	11,506,207
Currency	Photduang (until 1904); Baht (Tical) (from 1860);
Time zone	UTC+07:00 (ICT)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy (CS (until 1889), RE (from 1889-1912), BE (from 1912))
Calling code	+66
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Thonburi Kingdom
	Kingdom of Chiang Mai
	Kingdom of Vientiane
	Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
	Kingdom of Champasak
	Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom
Kingdom of Siam
British Malaya
French Indochina
British Burma
Today part of	Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Malaysia; Myanmar o; China;
	^ This historical period is more colloquially referred to as the Rattanakosin period in Thailand. The term Rattanakosin can still refer to Thailand today, since Bangkok is still its capital. ; ^ Beginning with the Bowring Treaty of 1855, the country was referred to as the "Kingdom of Siam" in diplomatic treaties. ; ^ From 1925 to 1932, it had an established legislative council called Supreme Council of State of Siam, although it had no legislative powers. ; ^ 1800 (Lieberman), early 19th century (Baker-Phongpaichit). ;

The Rattanakosin Kingdom,^[i] also known as the Kingdom of Siam^[ii] after 1855, refers to the Siamese kingdom between 1782 and 1932.^[8]^[9] It was founded in 1782 with the establishment of Rattanakosin (Bangkok), which replaced the city of Thonburi as the capital of Siam. This article covers the period until the Siamese revolution of 1932.

The kingdom governed based on the mandala system. This allows for high-autonomy locally with the kingdom influencing and effectively rule its area of suzerainty. At its zenith in 1805-1812, the Kingdom was composed of 25 polities, ranging from duchies and principalities to federations and kingdoms. With the furthest extent reaching the Shan States, southern Yunnan, Laos, Cambodia, northern [[Si Rat and Kawthoung. The kingdom was founded by Rama I of the Chakri dynasty. The first half of this period was characterized by the consolidation of Siamese power in the center of Mainland Southeast Asia and was punctuated by contests and wars for regional supremacy with rival powers Burma and Vietnam.^[10] The second period was one of engagements with the colonial powers of Britain and France in which Siam remained the only Southeast Asian state to maintain its independence.^[11]

Internally, the kingdom developed into a centralized, absolutist, nation state with borders defined by interactions with Western powers. The period was marked by the increased centralization of the monarch's powers, the abolition of labor control, the transition to an agrarian economy, the expansion of control over distant tributary states, the creation of a monolithic national identity, and the emergence of an urban middle class. However, the failure to implement democratic reforms culminated in the Siamese revolution of 1932 and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.^[3]

^ Silpa-1 (6 July 2017). ""สยาม" ถูกใช้เรียกชื่อประเทศเป็นทางการสมัยรัชกาลที่ 4". ศิลปวัฒนธรรม (in Thai). Retrieved 10 August 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Lieberman, Victor (2003). Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521800860.
^ ^a ^b ^c Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Thailand 4th edition. Cambridge University Press.
^ Lieberman, Victor (2003). Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0521800860. "Siam's population must have increased from c. 2,500,000 in 1600 to 4,000,000 in 1800."
^ Thailand, economy and politics. Kuala Lumpur; New York : Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-967-65-3097-4.
^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2022). A History of Thailand. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-009-01483-0. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Number of population in Thailand : 1911–1990 census years". web.nso.go.th. National Statistical Office. 2004. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^ Lieberman, Victor B.; Victor, Lieberman (2014). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-511-65854-9.
^ Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History. Yale University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-300-08475-7.
^ Lieberman, Victor B.; Victor, Lieberman (2014). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-65854-9.
^ Stricklin, William A. (7 February 2020). The Prince and I - Miss Olive. Dorrance. ISBN 978-1-64530-432-6.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-roman> tags or {{efn-lr}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-roman}} template or {{notelist-lr}} template (see the help page).

[1] This historical period is more colloquially referred to as the Rattanakosin period in Thailand. The term Rattanakosin can still refer to Thailand today, since Bangkok is still its capital.

[3] Beginning with the Bowring Treaty of 1855, the country was referred to as the "Kingdom of Siam" in diplomatic treaties.^[1]

[6] From 1925 to 1932, it had an established legislative council called Supreme Council of State of Siam, although it had no legislative powers.

[10] 1800 (Lieberman), early 19th century (Baker-Phongpaichit).

[2] Silpa-1 (6 July 2017). ""สยาม" ถูกใช้เรียกชื่อประเทศเป็นทางการสมัยรัชกาลที่ 4". ศิลปวัฒนธรรม (in Thai). Retrieved 10 August 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[4] Lieberman, Victor (2003). Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521800860.

[ReferenceA-5] Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Thailand 4th edition. Cambridge University Press.

[7] Lieberman, Victor (2003). Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0521800860. "Siam's population must have increased from c. 2,500,000 in 1600 to 4,000,000 in 1800."

[8] Thailand, economy and politics. Kuala Lumpur; New York : Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-967-65-3097-4.

[9] Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2022). A History of Thailand. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-009-01483-0. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2023.

[11] "Number of population in Thailand : 1911–1990 census years". web.nso.go.th. National Statistical Office. 2004. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.

[14] Lieberman, Victor B.; Victor, Lieberman (2014). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-511-65854-9.

[15] Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History. Yale University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-300-08475-7.

[16] Lieberman, Victor B.; Victor, Lieberman (2014). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-65854-9.

[17] Stricklin, William A. (7 February 2020). The Prince and I - Miss Olive. Dorrance. ISBN 978-1-64530-432-6.

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