Qarmatians
Qarmatians قرامطة | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 899–1077 | |||||||||
Qarmatians under Abu Tahir al-Jannabi in 930. | |||||||||
| Capital | Al-Ahsa | ||||||||
| Religion | Isma'ilism | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Qarmatian | ||||||||
| Government | Theocracy | ||||||||
| Ruler | |||||||||
• 894–914 | Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi | ||||||||
• 914–944 | Abu Tahir al-Jannabi | ||||||||
• 944–970 | Ahmad Abu Tahir | ||||||||
• 968–977 | Al-Hasan al-A'sam | ||||||||
• 970–972 | Abul Kassim Sa'id | ||||||||
• 972–977 | Abu Yaqub Yousuf | ||||||||
| Historical era | Islamic Golden Age (4th Islamic century) | ||||||||
• Ismāʿīlī schism | 765 | ||||||||
• Established | 899 | ||||||||
• Sack of Mecca | 930 | ||||||||
• al-Isfahani proclaimed to be the Mahdi | 931 | ||||||||
• Black Stone returned | 952 | ||||||||
• Defeated by the Abbasids | 976 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1077 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Qarmatians | |
|---|---|
| قرامطة | |
| Founder | Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi |
| Dates of operation | 899–1077 |
| Active regions | Bahrayn, Mesopotamia, Najd, Hejaz, Levant, Egypt |
| Ideology | Isma'ilism Extremism Socialism[1] Islamic socialism[1] Utopian socialism[1] |
| Opponents | Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate Uyunid Emirate Ghaznavid Empire Seljuk Empire |
| Battles and wars | Capture of Bahrayn (899) Battle of Hama (903) Sack of Basra (923) Hajj caravan raid (924) Invasion of Iraq (928) Sack of Mecca (930) Invasions of Egypt (971) Overthrow of the Qarmatians (1058–1077) |
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The Qarmatians (Arabic: قرامطة, romanized: Qarāmiṭa; Persian: قرمطیان, romanized: Qarmatiyān or Carmathians in 20th-century historical discourse in English[2])[a] were a militant[4][5] Isma'ili Shia movement centred in Al-Ahsa in Eastern Arabia, where they established a religious state in 899 CE. Its members were part of a movement that adhered to a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam,[3] and were ruled by a dynasty founded by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi.[6][7] They rejected the claim of Fatimid Caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah to imamate and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi, and they revolted against the Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphates.[8][3]
Mecca was sacked by a Qarmatian leader, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi,[9] outraging the Muslim world, particularly with their theft of the Black Stone and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.[10]
- ^ a b c Fahes, Fadi (2018). ASocial utopia in tenth century Islam the Qarmatian experiment. California State University, Dominguez Hills. p. 68.
- ^ "The Völkerwanderung which overran the domain of the Caliphate [of Baghdad] at its fall proceeded from the Turkish and the Mongol Nomads of the Eurasian Steppe, the Berber Nomads of the Sahara and highlanders of the Atlas, and the Arab Nomads from the Arabian Peninsula who raided 'Irāq under the leadership of the Carmathians and also flooded over North-West Africa — meeting and overcoming the corresponding movement of the Berbers — in the migration of the Banu Hilāl and the associated tribes of Arab badu" (Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, 1934), pp. 67-68.
- ^ a b c "Qarmatian | Meaning, Attack, Beliefs, & History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ Mumayiz, Ibrahim A. (2006). Arabesques: Selections of Biography and Poetry from Classical Arabic Literature. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 39. ISBN 978-90-441-1888-9.
- ^ Jr, Everett Jenkins (11 November 2010). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7864-4713-8.
- ^ Carra de Vaux & Hodgson 1965, p. 452.
- ^ Madelung 1983.
- ^ de Blois, François (1986). "THE 'ABU SAʿIDIS OR SO-CALLED "QARMATIANS" OF BAHRAYN". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 16: 13–21. ISSN 0308-8421. JSTOR 41223231.
- ^ Mecca's History, from Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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