Autotroph

An autotroph is an organism that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms. Autotrophs produce complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) using carbon from simple substances such as carbon dioxide,^[1] generally using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions.^[2] Autotrophs do not need a living source of carbon or energy and are the producers in a food chain, such as plants on land or algae in water. Autotrophs can reduce carbon dioxide to make organic compounds for biosynthesis and as stored chemical fuel. Most autotrophs use water as the reducing agent, but some can use other hydrogen compounds such as hydrogen sulfide.

The primary producers can convert the energy in the light (phototroph and photoautotroph) or the energy in inorganic chemical compounds (chemotrophs or chemolithotrophs) to build organic molecules, which is usually accumulated in the form of biomass and will be used as carbon and energy source by other organisms (e.g. heterotrophs and mixotrophs). The photoautotrophs are the main primary producers, converting the energy of the light into chemical energy through photosynthesis, ultimately building organic molecules from carbon dioxide, an inorganic carbon source.^[3] Examples of chemolithotrophs are some archaea and bacteria (unicellular organisms) that produce biomass from the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds; these organisms are called chemoautotrophs, and are frequently found in hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean. Primary producers are at the lowest trophic level, and are the reasons why Earth sustains life to this day.^[4]

Autotrophs use a portion of the ATP produced during photosynthesis or the oxidation of chemical compounds to reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH to form organic compounds.^[5] Most chemoautotrophs are lithotrophs, using inorganic electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen gas, elemental sulfur, ammonium and ferrous oxide as reducing agents and hydrogen sources for biosynthesis and chemical energy release. Chemolithoautotrophs are microorganisms that synthesize energy through the oxidation of inorganic compounds.^[6] They can sustain themselves entirely on atmospheric CO₂ and inorganic chemicals without the need for light or organic compounds. They enzymatically catalyze redox reactions using mineral substrates to generate ATP energy.^[7] These substrates primarily include hydrogen, iron, nitrogen, and sulfur. Its ecological niche is often specialized to extreme environments, including deep marine hydrothermal vents, stratified sediment, and acidic hot springs.^[8] Their metabolic processes play a key role in supporting microbial food webs as primary producers, and biogeochemical fluxes.