Mizoram

Mizoram^[a] is a state in northeastern India, with Aizawl as its capital and largest city. It shares 722-kilometres (449 miles) of international borders with Bangladesh to the west, and Myanmar to the east and south, with domestic borders with the Indian states of Assam, Manipur, and Tripura.^[7] It covers an area of 21,081 square kilometres^[1] (8,139 sq mi). Via satellite data Forests cover 84.53% of Mizoram's area, making it the fourth most heavily forested state in India.^[8] With an estimated population of 1.26 million in 2023, it is the second least populated state in India.^[9] With an urbanisation rate of 51.5% it is the most urbanised state in northeast India, ranking fifth in urbanisation nationwide.^[10] One of the two official languages and most widely spoken tongue is Mizo,^[b] which serves as a lingua franca among various ethnic communities who speak a variety of other Tibeto-Burman or Indo-Aryan languages. Mizoram is home to the highest percentage of scheduled tribes in India, with the Mizo people forming the majority.^[11]

Early civilisations in Mizoram are believed to have thrived since around 600 BC, with significant archaeological evidence uncovered in the Vangchhia region.^[12][13][14] Following this, Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples gradually migrated from the Chin Hills in present-day Myanmar.^[15] These groups formed organised chiefdoms and adopted jhum agricultural practices. By the 18th century, various clans in the region united to form the Mizo identity, becoming the dominant inhabitants of the area, introducing the Mizo language, culture, and the Sakhua religion.^[16] In the mid-19th century, the British conducted a series of military expeditions to assert control over the region, Mizoram was annexed by the British in 1895 and incorporated into the Assam Province.^[17][18] Under British rule, the introduction of administrative reforms and the spread of Christianity significantly impacted Mizo society.^[19]

After India gained independence in 1947, Mizoram remained part of Assam as the Lushai Hills District. After the Assamese Government's negligence of the Mizos during the famine, insurgency was led by the Mizo National Front in the 1960s which culminated in the signing of the Mizoram Peace Accord in 1986.^[20] On 20 February 1987, Mizoram was granted full statehood, becoming the 23rd state of India.^[21][22]

Mizoram is predominantly Christian, with about 87% of the population practising Christianity, mainly Protestant denominations such as Presbyterian and Baptist. It is one of the three states of India with a Christian majority (87%). Other religions such as Buddhism (8.51%), Hinduism (2.75%), and Islam (1.35%) are also practised in the state.^[23] Mizoram's population is predominantly made up of Mizo or Zo tribes, comprising about 83.4% of the state's population, with other significant communities including the Chakma (8.5%) and Tripuri (3%). Due to the prolonged civil conflict in Myanmar, Mizoram has also seen an influx of Burmese communities, especially from the Chin ethnic group, which has sought refuge in the region.^[24][25]

Mizoram is a highly literate agrarian economy. Slash-and-burn farming, also known as jhum, is the most common form of farming in the state.^[26] In recent years, the jhum farming practices have been steadily replaced with a significant horticulture and bamboo products industry.^[27][28] Mizoram's estimated gross state domestic product for 2025 was estimated at ₹36,089 crore (US$4.3 billion).^[29] About 20% of Mizoram's population lives below the poverty line, with 35% rural poverty as of 2014. The state has about 871 kilometres of national highways, with NH–54 and NH–150 connecting it to Assam and Manipur respectively. It is also a growing transit point for trade with Myanmar and Bangladesh.^[30]

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