Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale
OM RRC DStJ
Nightingale, c. 1860
Born(1820-05-12)12 May 1820
Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Died13 August 1910(1910-08-13) (aged 90)
Mayfair, London, England
Resting placeSt Margaret's Church, East Wellow, Hampshire
50°58′55″N 1°34′11″W / 50.98194°N 1.56972°W / 50.98194; -1.56972
NationalityBritish
Other names
Known for
  • Pioneering modern nursing
  • Polar area diagram
Parents
  • William Edward Nightingale (father)
  • Frances Nightingale Smith (mother)
RelativesFrances Parthenope
Awards
  • Royal Red Cross (1883)
  • Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ) (1904)
  • Order of Merit (1907)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Doctoral students
  • Linda Richards
  • Ethel Gordon Fenwick
  • Alice Fisher
  • Isla Stewart
  • Eva Luckes
Handwritten Signature

Florence Nightingale (/ˈnaɪtɪŋɡeɪl/; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople.[5] She significantly reduced death rates by improving hygiene and living standards. Nightingale gave nursing a favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of "The Lady with the Lamp" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night.[6][7]

Recent commentators have asserted that Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by the media at the time, but critics agree on the importance of her later work in professionalising nursing roles for women.[a] In 1860, she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world and is now part of King's College London.[12] In recognition of her pioneering work in nursing, the Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses, and the Florence Nightingale Medal, the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve, were named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday.[13] Her social reforms included improving healthcare for all sections of British society, advocating better hunger relief in India, helping to abolish prostitution laws that were harsh for women, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce.[14][15]

Nightingale was an innovator in statistics; she represented her analysis in graphical forms to ease drawing conclusions and actionables from data. She is famous for usage of the polar area diagram, also called the Nightingale rose diagram, which is equivalent to a modern circular histogram. This diagram is still regularly used in data visualisation.[16]

Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime, much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were written in simple English so that they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills. Much of her writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously.[17]

  1. ^ "Florence Nightingale". King's College London. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  2. ^ Cook, Edward Tyas (1913). The life of Florence Nightingale. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Macmillan. p. 303 – via Internet Archive.
  3. ^ "Florence Nightingale 2nd rendition, 1890 – greetings to the dear old comrades of Balaclava". Internet Archive. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  4. ^ Buhnemann, Kristin (17 February 2020). "Florence Nightingale's Voice, 1890". florence-nightingale.co.uk. Florence Nightingale Museum London. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  5. ^ Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians. London: Chatto and Windus. p. 123.
  6. ^ Swenson, Kristine (2005). Medical Women and Victorian Fiction. University of Missouri Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8262-6431-2 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Ralby, Aaron (2013). "The Crimean War 1853–1856". Atlas of Military History. Parragon. pp. 281. ISBN 978-1-4723-0963-1 – via Internet Archive.
  8. ^ Bostridge, Mark (17 February 2011). "Florence Nightingale: the Lady with the Lamp". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Beyond was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference FlorenceNightingale was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Petroni, A (1969). "The first nursing school in the world – St. Thomas Hospital School in London". Munca Sanit. 17 (8): 449–454. PMID 5195090.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Florence Nightingale on Health in India: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, volume 9. Vol. 9. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2012.
  15. ^ Florence Nightingale on Social Change in India: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, volume 10. Vol. 10. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2012.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Florence Nightingale's Spiritual Jorney: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, volume 2. Vol. 2. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2012.


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