Denisovan

Denisova Cave
Baishiya Karst Cave
Tam Ngu Hao 2 Cave
Penghu
Harbin
Locations of paleoarchaeological finds linked to Denisovans: Denisova Cave (blue) in the Altai Mountains of Siberia; Baishiya Karst Cave (yellow) on the Tibetan Plateau; Harbin (green) in Manchuria; Penghu (red) in the Taiwan Strait; and Tam Ngu Hao 2 Cave (grey) in northern Laos

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins (/dəˈniːsəvə/ də-NEE-sə-və) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic, and lived, based on current evidence, from 285,000 to 30,000 years ago.[1][2] Most of what is known about Denisovans comes from DNA evidence. While many recent fossils have been found and tentatively identified as Denisovan, the first Denisovans discovered were known from few physical remains. Consequently, no formal species name has been established. However, an analysis of the mitochondrial DNA and endogenous proteins from the Harbin cranium, which had been given the name Homo longi, showed with great certainty that this species represents a Denisovan.[3][4]

The first identification of a Denisovan individual occurred in 2010, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from a juvenile finger bone excavated from the Siberian Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in 2008.[5][6] Nuclear DNA indicates close affinities with Neanderthals. The cave was also periodically inhabited by Neanderthals. Additional specimens from Denisova Cave were subsequently identified, as were specimens from the Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau, Tam Ngu Hao 2 Cave in the Annamite Mountains of Laos, the Penghu channel between Taiwan and the mainland, and Harbin in Manchuria.

DNA evidence suggests they had dark skin, eyes, and hair, and had a Neanderthal-like build.[7][8] Based on the Harbin cranium, like other archaic humans, the skull is low and long, with massively developed brow ridges, wide eye sockets, and a large mouth. The two existing Denisovan mandibles show that like Neanderthals, the Denisovans lacked a chin. Like modern humans and the much earlier Homo antecessor, but unlike Neanderthals, the face is rather flat, but with a larger nose. However, they had larger molars which are reminiscent of Middle to Late Pleistocene archaic humans and australopithecines. The cranial capacity and therefore the brain size of the Denisovans was within the range of modern humans and Neanderthals.

Denisovans interbred with modern humans, with a high percentage (roughly 5%) of Denisovan DNA occurring in Melanesians, Aboriginal Australians, and Filipino Negritos.[9] In contrast, 0.2% derives from Denisovan ancestry in mainland Asians and Native Americans.[10] In a 2018 study, South Asians were found to have levels of Denisovan admixture similar to that seen in East Asians.[11] Another study found that the highest Denisovan ancestry is inferred in Oceanians (~2.0%), while most populations of Native Americans, East Asians, and South Asians have similar amounts (~0.1%).[12] This distribution suggests that there were Denisovan populations across Asia. There is also evidence of interbreeding with the Altai Neanderthal population, with about 17% of the Denisovan genome from Denisova Cave deriving from them. A first-generation hybrid nicknamed "Denny" was discovered with a Denisovan father and a Neanderthal mother.[13][14] Additionally, 4% of the Denisovan genome comes from an unknown archaic human species, which diverged from modern humans over one million years ago.[15]

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  3. ^ Fu, Q.; Bai, F.; Rao, H.; Chen, S.; Ji, Y.; Liu, A.; Bennett, E. A.; Liu, F.; Ji, Q. (2025). "The proteome of the late Middle Pleistocene Harbin individual". Science eadu9677. doi:10.1126/science.adu9677. PMID 40531192.
  4. ^ Fu, Q.; Cao, P.; Dai, Q.; Bennett, E. A.; Feng, X.; Yang, M. A.; Ping, W.; Pääbo, S.; Ji, Q. (2025). "Denisovan mitochondrial DNA from dental calculus of the >146,000-year-old Harbin cranium". Cell. 188 (15): 3919–3926.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.040.
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  6. ^ Bower, Bruce (September 2025). "Putting an ancient face to a name". News: Anthropology. Science News. Vol. 207, no. 9. p. 11.
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  8. ^ Gokhman, David; Mishol, Nadav; de Manuel, Marc; de Juan, David; Shuqrun, Jonathan; Meshorer, Eran; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Rak, Yoel; Carmel, Liran (19 September 2019). "Reconstructing Denisovan Anatomy Using DNA Methylation Maps". Cell. 179 (1): 180–192. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.035. PMID 31539495.
  9. ^ Larena, M.; McKenna, J.; Sanchez-Quinto, F.; Bernhardsson, C.; Ebeo, C.; Reyes, R.; Casel, O.; Huang, J.-Y.; Hagada, K. P.; Guilay, D.; Reyes, J.; Allian, F. P.; Mori, V.; Azarcon, L. S.; Manera, A.; Terando, C.; Jamero Jr., L.; Sireg, G.; Manginsay-Tremedal, R.; Labos, M. S.; Vilar, R. D.; Latiph, A.; Saway, R. L.; Marte, E.; Magbanua, P.; Morales, A.; Java, I.; Reveche, R.; Barrios, B.; Burton, E.; Salon, J. C.; Kels, Ma. J. T.; Albano, A.; Cruz-Angeles, R. B.; Molanida, E.; Granehäll, L.; Vicente, M.; Edlund, H.; Loo, J.-H.; Trejaut, J.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Reid, L.; Lambeck, K.; Malmström, H.; Schlebusch, C.; Endicott, P.; Jakobsson, M. (11 October 2021). "Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world". Current Biology. 31 (19): 4219–4230.e10. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E4219L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022. PMC 8596304. PMID 34388371.
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  12. ^ Elise Kerdoncuff; Laurits Skov; Nick Patterson; Joyita Banerjee; Pranali Khobragade; Sankha S. Chakrabarti; Avinash Chakrawarty; Prasun Chatterjee; Minakshi Dhar; Monica Gupta; John P. John; Parvaiz A. Koul; Sarabmeet S. Lehl; Rashmi R. Mohanty; Mekala Padmaja; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Chhaya Rajguru; Lalit Sankhe; Arunansu Talukdar; Mathew Varghese; Sathyanarayana Raju Yadati; Wei Zhao; Yuk Yee Leung; Gerard D. Schellenberg; Yi Zhe Wang; Jennifer A. Smith; Sharmistha Dey; Andrea Ganna; Aparajit Ballav Dey; Sharon L.R. Kardia; Jinkook Lee; Priya Moorjani (26 June 2025). "50,000 years of evolutionary history of India: Impact on health and disease variation". The Innovation. 188 (13): 3389–3404.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.04.027. PMID 40578318.
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  14. ^ Vogel, Gretchen (22 August 2018). "This ancient bone belonged to a child of two extinct human species". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aav1858. S2CID 188160693. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
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