Hanoi
Hanoi
Hà Nội | |
|---|---|
Capital municipality (special) | |
| Hanoi City Thành phố Hà Nội Hanoi Capital Thủ đô Hà Nội | |
Hanoi skyline with Ba Vì mountain range Turtle Tower Temple of Literature Hanoi Opera House Imperial Citadel Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum St. Joseph's Cathedral Hanoi skyline with Nhật Tân Bridge | |
|
Seal | |
| Nicknames: | |
| Motto: Dis lecta fortitudine prospera (historical) | |
Hanoi Location in Vietnam Hanoi Location in Asia | |
| Coordinates: 21°00′N 105°51′E / 21.00°N 105.85°E | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Red River Delta |
| Capital establishment | 1010 |
| French occupation | 20 November 1873 |
| Colonial liberation | 10 October 1954 |
| Government center | Ba Đình district Hoàn Kiếm district |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Government | |
| • Body | Hanoi People's Council |
| • Secretary of the Party Committee | Bùi Thị Minh Hoài |
| • Chairman of People's Council | Nguyễn Ngọc Tuấn |
| • Chairman of People's Committee | Trần Sỹ Thanh |
| Area | |
• Total | 3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 319.56 km2 (123.38 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 24,314.7 km2 (9,388.0 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 1,296 m (4,252 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2024)[8] | |
• Total | 8,807,523 |
| • Rank | 2nd |
| • Density | 2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 4,238,500 |
| • Rural | 4,348,600 |
| • Metro | 19,795,805 |
| Demonym | Hanoian |
| Ethnic groups | |
| • Vietnamese[a] | 98.66% |
| • Mường | 0.77% |
| • Tày | 0.24% |
| • Thái | 0.09% |
| • Nùng | 0.08% |
| • Others | 0.16% |
| GDP (Nominal, 2023)[12] | |
| • Total | US$48 billion |
| • Per capita | US$5,600 |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (ICT) |
| Postal code | 10xxx–14xxx |
| Area codes | 24 |
| ISO 3166 code | VN-HN |
| License plate | 29–33, 40 |
| HDI (2022) | 0.818[13] (2nd) |
| Website | hanoi.gov.vn |
Hanoi (/hæˈnɔɪ/ han-OY; Vietnamese: Hà Nội [hàː nôjˀ] ⓘ) is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river"[14] (Hanoi is bordered by the Red and Black Rivers). As a municipality, since 2025, Hanoi consists of 51 wards and 75 communes. The city encompasses an area of 3,358.6 km2 (1,296.8 sq mi).[15] and as of 2025 has a population of 8,807,523.[8] Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at US$48 billion in 2023,[16] behind only Ho Chi Minh City.[17]
In the third century BCE, the Cổ Loa Capital Citadel of Âu Lạc was constructed in what is now Hanoi. Âu Lạc then fell under Chinese rule for a thousand years. In 1010, under the Lý dynasty, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial Vietnamese nation Đại Việt in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long [tʰāŋ lāwŋm], 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, King Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh [ɗə̄wŋm kīŋ̟], 'eastern capital'), and it remained so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital to Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. It served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945 and French protectorate of Tonkin from 1883 to 1949. After the August Revolution and the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. From 1949 to 1954, it was part of the State of Vietnam. It was again part of the DRV ruling North Vietnam from 1954 to 1976. In 1976, it became the capital of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam. In 2008, Hà Tây Province and two other rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, almost tripling Hanoi's area.
Hanoi is the cultural, economic and educational center of Northern Vietnam. As the country's capital, it hosts 78 foreign embassies, the headquarters of the Vietnam People's Army (VPA), its own Vietnam National University system, and many other governmental organizations. Hanoi is also a major tourist destination, with 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.[18] The city hosts the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, and Ba Vì National Park near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has a wide range of architectural styles, including French colonial architecture, brutalist apartments typical of socialist nations, and disorganized alleys and tube houses stemming from the city's rapid growth in the 20th century.
- ^ Thăng Long – Hà Nội – thành phố rồng bay Archived 5 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, tuoitre.vn, 2010-10-10.
- ^ "Từ Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến đến thành phố vì hòa bình". 20 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ Biểu số 4.2: Hiện trạng sử dụng đất vùng Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng năm 2022 [Table 4.2: Current land use status in the Red River Delta in 2022] (PDF) (Decision 3048/QĐ-BTNMT) (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam). 18 October 2023. – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers
- ^ Phạm, Đình Tuyển (2019). "Khu công viên đổi mới sáng tạo phía Tây Hà Nội". Tạp chí kiến trúc (Architecture Magazine). No. 9. Hội Kiến trúc sư Việt Nam (Vietnam Association of Architects). Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ Nguyễn, Tố Lăng (28 January 2021). "Nhận diện vấn đề đô thị và quản lý phát triển đô thị khi đất nước dần trở thành nước công nghiệp theo hướng hiện đại (kỳ 1)". Tạp chí Cộng sản. ISSN 2734-9071. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ a b Trần, Hoàng (1 March 2022). "Hà Nội nghiên cứu mô hình 'thành phố trong thành phố'". Tiền Phong. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ Quang Thái (20 September 2008). "Sống ở nơi cao nhất Thủ đô". An ninh Thủ đô. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ a b General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 117. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2020). Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 [Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021.
- ^ "TelluBase—Viet Nam Fact Sheet" (PDF). Tellusant Public Service Series. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ "Human Development Index by province(*) by Cities, provincies and Year". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
dantriwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Đỗ Văn Chiến; Nguyễn Thúy Quỳnh, eds. (2020). Statistical Summary Book of Vietnam (PDF) (Report) (in Vietnamese and English). Presentation by Anh Tú; Dũng Thắng. Statistical Publishing House. p. 59. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
- ^ Statistics Office of Hanoi (2023). Niên giám Thống kê thành phố Hà Nội năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Hanoi 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 162. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
- ^ Trang, Huyền (20 March 2023). "Đóng góp của các tỉnh, thành phố về một số chỉ tiêu chủ yếu". kinhtetrunguong.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Thương, Báo Công (31 December 2022). "Năm 2022: Hà Nội đón 18,7 triệu lượt du khách | Báo Công Thương". Báo Công Thương điện tử, kinh tế, chính trị, xã hội (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 7 January 2024.
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