Nguyễn dynasty
Đại Việt 大越國 (1802–1804) Việt Nam 大越南 (1804–1839; 1945) Đại Nam 大南國 (1839–1945) | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1802–1945[a] | |||||||||||||||||||
Court flag
(c. 1920s–1945) Coat of arms
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| Anthem: Đăng đàn cung ("The Emperor Mounts His Throne") | |||||||||||||||||||
| Heirloom Seal of the Southern Realm Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 大南受天永命傳國璽 (1846–1945) | |||||||||||||||||||
Administrative divisions of Việt Nam in 1838 during the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng. | |||||||||||||||||||
| Status | Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary (1802–1883)[4][5] French protectorate (1883–1945)[6][7] Puppet state of the Empire of Japan (1945)[8][9] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Phú Xuân (now part of Huế) 16°28′N 107°36′E / 16.467°N 107.600°E | ||||||||||||||||||
| Official languages | Vietnamese Văn ngôn French (from 1884) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | State ideology: Ruism Minority: Mahayana Buddhism, Caodaism, Christianity, Folk religion, Hòa Hảo, Hinduism, Islam, and Taoism | ||||||||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Vietnamese | ||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1802–1820 (first) | Gia Long | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1883 (last independent) | Hiệp Hòa | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1926–1945 (last) | Bảo Đại | ||||||||||||||||||
| Regent | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1818–1820 | Minh Mạng | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1883–1885 | Tôn Thất Thuyết & Nguyễn Văn Tường | ||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1945 | Trần Trọng Kim | ||||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | None (rule by decree) | ||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||
• Coronation of Gia Long Emperor | 1 June 1802 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Tây Sơn defeated | 20 July 1802 | ||||||||||||||||||
• French invasion | 1 September 1858 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Treaty of Saigon | 5 June 1862 | ||||||||||||||||||
• End of independence | 25 August 1883 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Protectorate Treaty | 6 June 1884 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Declaration of Independence | 11 March 1945 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Abdication of Bảo Đại | 25 August 1945 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1830 | 557,000 km2 (215,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1830 | 10,500,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1858 | 12,031,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1890 | 14,752,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1942 | 25,552,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Zinc and copper-alloy cash coins (denominated in phần, văn, mạch, and quán) Silver and gold cash coins and ingots (denominated in phân, nghi, tiền, and lạng / lượng) French Indochinese piastre (from 1885) | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Vietnam China Laos Cambodia | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nguyễn | |
|---|---|
| Country | State of Đại Nam (Vietnam) |
| Founded | 19th century |
| Founder | Nguyễn Phúc Ánh |
| Final ruler | Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy |
| Titles |
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| Estate(s) | Phú Xuân |
| Deposition | 1945 |
The Nguyễn dynasty (Vietnamese: Nhà Nguyễn or Triều Nguyễn, chữ Nôm: 茹阮, chữ Hán: 朝阮) was the last Vietnamese dynasty, preceded by the Nguyễn lords and ruling unified Vietnam independently from 1802 until French protectorate in 1883. Its emperors were members of the House of Nguyễn Phúc. During its existence, the Nguyễn empire expanded into modern-day Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos through a continuation of the centuries-long Nam tiến and Siamese–Vietnamese wars. With the French conquest of Vietnam, the Nguyễn dynasty was forced to give up sovereignty over parts of Southern Vietnam to France in 1862 and 1874, and after 1883 the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the French protectorates of Annam (Central Vietnam) as well as Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). Backed by Imperial Japan, in 1945 the last Nguyễn emperor Bảo Đại abolished the protectorate treaty with France and proclaimed the Empire of Vietnam for a short time until 25 August 1945.
The House of Nguyễn Phúc established control over large amounts of territory in Southern Vietnam as the Nguyễn lords (1558–1777, 1780–1802) by the 16th century before defeating the Tây Sơn dynasty and establishing their own imperial rule in the 19th century. The dynastic rule began with Gia Long ascending the throne in 1802, after ending the previous Tây Sơn dynasty. The Nguyễn dynasty was gradually absorbed by France over the course of several decades in the latter half of the 19th century, beginning with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858 which led to the occupation of the southern area of Vietnam. A series of unequal treaties followed; the occupied territory became the French colony of Cochinchina in the 1862 Treaty of Saigon, and the 1863 Treaty of Huế gave France access to Vietnamese ports and increased control of its foreign affairs. Finally, the 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyễn Phúc rule. In 1887, Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, and the French Protectorate of Cambodia were grouped together to form French Indochina.
The Nguyễn dynasty remained the formal emperors of Annam and Tonkin within Indochina until World War II. Japan had occupied Indochina with French collaboration in 1940, but as the war seemed increasingly lost, Japan overthrew the French administration on 9 March 1945 and the Nguyễn dynasty proclaimed independence for its constituent protectorates two days later. It also regained Cochinchina on 14 August 1945. The Empire of Vietnam under Nguyễn Emperor Bảo Đại was a nominally independent state but actually a Japanese puppet state during the last months of the war. It ended with the abdication of Bảo Đại following the surrender of Japan then August Revolution led by the communist Việt Minh in August 1945. This ended the 143-year rule of the Nguyễn dynasty.[10] Bảo Đại was later restored to power to become emperor of the State of Vietnam in 1949 until the country became a republic in 1955.[1]
- ^ a b "The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 2, "U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954", U.S. POLICY AND THE BAO DAI REGIME". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ Woodside 1988, p. preface.
- ^ Goscha 2016, p. preface.
- ^ Kang, David C. (2012). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. Columbia University Press. pp. 101–102.
In 1802 the Nguyen dynasty was recognized with an imperial pardon and tributary status. [...] there was no doubt in anyone's mind that China was the superior and the tributary state the inferior. The Vietnamese kings clearly realized that they had to acknowledge China's suzerainty and become tributaries [...]
- ^ Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy. Harvard University Press. pp. 34–40, 201.
- ^ Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy. Harvard University Press. pp. 123–124.
- ^ Brocheux, Pierre; Hémery, Daniel (2011). Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954. University of California Press. pp. 78–81.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Lebrawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Li-Reidwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lockhart, Bruce (2001). "Re-assessing the Nguyễn Dynasty". Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 15 (1): 9–53. JSTOR 40860771.
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