Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922
Part of the Turkish War of Independence

Clockwise from top left: Mustafa Kemal at the end of the First Battle of İnönü; Greek soldiers retreat during the last stages; Greek infantry charge in river Gediz; Turkish infantry in trench.
Date15 May 1919 – 14 October 1922
(3 years, 4 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Western Anatolia
Result

Turkish victory[25][26][27]

  • 11 September 1922 Revolution and Trial of the Six in Greece
  • Fall of the David Lloyd George government
  • Signing of the Armistice of Mudanya and the Treaty of Lausanne
  • Greece–Turkey population exchange
Territorial
changes		 Lands initially ceded to the Kingdom of Greece from the Ottoman Empire are incorporated into the Republic of Turkey.
Belligerents

Turkish National Movement

Supported by:

Kingdom of Greece

Supported by:
Commanders and leaders
  • Mustafa Kemal Pasha
  • Fevzi Pasha
  • İsmet Pasha
  • Çerkes Ethem (until 1920)
  • Fahrettin Pasha
  • Kemalettin Sami Pasha
  • Yusuf Izzet Pasha
  • Ali Fuat Pasha
  • Muhittin Pasha
  • Naci Pasha
  • Ömer Halis Pasha
  • Münip Pasha
  • Rüştü Pasha
  • Şefik Pasha
  • Refet Pasha
  • Constantine I
  • Alexander I
  • Eleftherios Venizelos
  • Dimitrios Gounaris 
  • Leonidas Paraskevopoulos
  • Anastasios Papoulas
  • Georgios Hatzianestis 
  • Konstantinos Miliotis-Komninos
  • Nikolaos Plastiras
  • Konstantinos Nider
  • Alexandros Othonaios
  • Konstantinos Pallis
  • Georgios Polymenakos
  • Prince Andrew
  • Kimon Digenis (POW)
  • Nikolaos Trikoupis (POW)
  • Süleyman Şefik Pasha
  • Çerkes Ethem (from 1920)
Units involved
Nationalist Army (from 1920)
National Forces (until 1920)
Green Army (until 1920)		 Army of Asia Minor
Caliphate Army[15]
Armenian volunteer legion[28]
Green Army (from 1920)
Strength
  • May 1919: 35,000[29][c]
  • November 1920: 86,000[30]
  • August 1921: 92,000[31]
  • August 1922: 208,000[31]
Organization 1922[32]
  • 18 infantry divisions
  • 5 cavalry brigades
  • 3 independent regiments
Equipment 1922[31][33]
  • 93,000 rifles
  • 2,025 light machine guns
  • 839 heavy machine guns
  • 323 cannons
  • 5,282 swords
  • 198 trucks
  • 33 cars and ambulances
  • 10 aircraft
Organization 1922[32]
  • 12 infantry divisions
  • 1 cavalry brigade
  • 9 independent regiments[d]
Equipment 1922[31][33]
Casualties and losses
  • 9,167 killed[41]
  • 2,474 died of wounds or non-combat causes[41]
  • 31,097 wounded[41]
  • 11,150 missing
  • 6,522 prisoners[42]**
  • 19,362 killed[43]
  • 4,878 died outside of combat
  • 48,880 wounded
  • 18,095 missing
  • c. 13,740 prisoners*[44]
264,000 Greek civilians killed

Disputed numbers of Turkish civilians killed. 30,000+ buildings and 250+ villages destroyed and burnt by the Hellenic Army.

[45]

* 20,826 Greek prisoners were taken. Of those about 740 officers and 13,000 soldiers arrived in Greece during the prisoner exchange in 1923. About 7,000 presumably died in Turkish captivity.[44]
** Greece took 22,071 military and civilian prisoners. Of those were 520 officers and 6,002 soldiers. During the prisoner exchange in 1923, 329 officers, 6,002 soldiers and 9,410 civilian prisoners arrived in Turkey. The remaining 6,330, mostly civilian prisoners, presumably died in Greek captivity.[46]

  • The Turkish Grand National Assembly was opened in 1920.
  • The National Forces (Kuva-yi Milliye) operated independently between 1919 and 1920 until it was put under the control of the Grand National Assembly.

The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922[e] was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922. This conflict was a part of the Turkish War of Independence.

The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, recently defeated in World War I. Greek claims stemmed from the fact that Western Anatolia had been part of Ancient Greece and the Byzantine Empire before the Turks conquered the area in the 12th–15th centuries. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna (now İzmir), on 15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including the cities of Manisa, Balıkesir, Aydın, Kütahya, Bursa, and Eskişehir. Their advance was checked by Turkish forces at the Battle of the Sakarya in 1921. The Greek front collapsed with the Turkish counter-attack in August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the recapture of Smyrna by Turkish forces and the great fire of Smyrna.

As a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of the Turkish National Movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving Eastern Thrace and Western Anatolia to Turkey. The Allies abandoned the Treaty of Sèvres to negotiate a new treaty at Lausanne with the Turkish National Movement. The Treaty of Lausanne recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Anatolia, Istanbul, and Eastern Thrace. The Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in a population exchange.

  1. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
  2. ^ "УКРАЇНСЬКА ДЕРЖАВНІСТЬ У XX СТОЛІТТІ". litopys.org.ua.
  3. ^ Внешняя политика Азербайджана в годы cоветской власти
  4. ^ "Hüseyin Adıgüzel – Atatürk, Nerimanov ve Kurtuluş Savaşımız". 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014.
  5. ^ Andican, A. Ahat (2007). Turkestan Struggle Abroad From Jadidism to Independence. SOTA Publications. pp. 78–81. ISBN 978-908-0-740-365.
  6. ^ The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918–1923) by Bülent Bilmez: "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press.
  7. ^ Sforza, Diario, November 28, 1920, 61
  8. ^ David Lloyd George, The Truth about the Peace Treaties, v. 2 (Gollancz, London: 1938), pp. 1348–1349
  9. ^ Michael Smith, Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922, University of Michigan Press, 1999.
  10. ^ Ζολώτα, Αναστασίου Π. (1995). Η Εθνική Τραγωδία (National Tragedy). Αθήνα, Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, Τμήμα Πολιτικών (University of Athens) Επιστημών και Δημοσίας Διοικήσεως. σελίδες pp. 44–58
  11. ^ «ΤΑ ΦΟΒΕΡΑ ΝΤΟΚΟΥΜΕΝΤΑ – ΣΑΓΓΑΡΙΟΣ ΕΠΟΠΟΙΪΑ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΑΡΕΥΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΜΙΚΡΑ ΑΣΙΑ», ΔΗΜ. ΦΩΤΙΑΔΗΣ, ΕΚΔ. ΦΥΤΡΑΚΗ, ΑΘΗΝΑ, 1974
  12. ^ Zeyrek, Suat (2013). "The Role of Kurds in the Struggle for the Foundation of Turkish Republic" (PDF). Journal of History, Culture and Art Research. 2 (1). Karabük University: 27. ISSN 2147-0626.
  13. ^ Briton Cooper Busch: Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923, SUNY Press, 1976, ISBN 0-87395-265-0, sayfa 216 Archived 2013-06-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ "British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured – Warships' guns drive enemy back
  15. ^ a b The Kuva-yi Inzibatiye legion, also known as the Caliphate Army, was established by the imperial government of the Ottoman Empire, supported the Greek Army during the war fighting with 4,000–7,000 soldiers, under the command of Süleyman Şefik Pasha, against the Turkish Army and the Turkish National Movement. See: Meydan, Sinan (2010). Cumhuriyet tarihi yalanları. Yenibosna, İstanbul: İnkılâp. pp. 217, 342–344. ISBN 978-9751030542. OCLC 775482636. and Jowett, Philip (2015). Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919–22. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-1472806864. OCLC 894307254.
  16. ^ Türk İstiklal Harbi Serisi, 6th Volume, “İstiklal Harbinde Ayaklanmalar”, p. 126
  17. ^ Kenan ESENGİN; “Millî Mücadelede Ayaklanmalar, pp. 175–189,Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006
  18. ^ M. Şevki YAZMAN, "Anadolu'nun İşgali", pp. 83–84, Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006, Istanbul
  19. ^ A. Nedim ÇAKMAK; “İşgal Günlerinde İşbirlikçiler Hüsnüyadis Hortladı”, pp. 54–55, Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006, İstanbul.
  20. ^ New York Times, Smyrna is taken away from Turkey, 17 May 1919
  21. ^ Cevizoğlu, Hulki (2007). 1919'un Şifresi (Gizli ABD İşgalinin Belge ve Fotoğrafları). Ceviz Kabuğu Yayınları. pp. 66, 77. ISBN 9789756613238.
  22. ^ Yalçın, Soner (19 March 2014). "ABD "Türkiye'nin paylaşılması"nda nasıl rol almıştı?". Odatv. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  23. ^ Turgut Özakman, Şu Çılgın Türkler (115th edition, September 2005), p. 23: Sevr Antlaşması'nı ve tabii Üçlü Anlaşma'yı milliyetçilere silah zoruyla kabul ettirmek görevi, İngilizlerin aracılığıyla Yunan ordusuna önerilir, o da kabul eder. Yunan hükümeti, bu hizmetine karşılık, İzmir ve Doğu Trakya'dan başka, İstanbul'un da Yunanistan'a verileceği ümidine kapılır.
    Fakat beklenilmeyen bir olay Yunanistan'ı karıştıracaktır. Kral Aleksandros ölür. Venizelos, Konstantin'in tahta geri dönmesini engellemek için seçimleri yenilemeye karar verir ve seçime "ya Konstantin, ya ben!" sloganıyla girer. Halk Konstantin'i ve onu destekleyen partiyi seçer. Venizelos yurtdışına kaçar. Vaktiyle Konstantin'in devrilmesine yardım etmiş olan Fransız hükümeti, Konstantin'e ve muhalefete oy veren Yunan halkına kızar ve yeni iktidara karşı tavır alır.
    İngilizler de tedirgin olurlar ama tavır almak için beklemeyi tercih ederler.
    Venizelos'un sürgüne yolladığı, hapse attırdığı siviller ve askerler, tıpkı Hürriyet ve İtilaf Partililer gibi, iktidar özlemi ve kinle tutuşmuş bir halde yeniden sahnede boy gösterirler. Kralcı General Papulas, Anadolu'daki Yunan ordusunun komutanlığa atanır. İktidar, Anadolu'yu boşalttığı takdirde, Yunanistan'ın Fransa ve İtalya'dan sonra, İngiltere'nin de desteğini kaybedip yalnız kalacağını anlar; azdırdıkları Anadolu Rumlarını yazgılarıyla baş başa bırakmayı da göze alamaz. Sonunda Venizelos'un yayılmacı politikasını ve İngilizlerin askeri olmayı kabul eder. Bu sebeple Anadolu olaylarını iyi bilen bazı Venizeloscu komutanlara dokunmaz.
    ("The task of forcing the nationalists to accept the Treaty of Sèvres and of course the Tripartite Agreement at gunpoint was offered to the Greek army through the British, and it accepted it. In return for this service, the Greek government hoped that, in addition to Izmir and Eastern Thrace, Istanbul would also be given to Greece.
    However, an unexpected event will confuse Greece. King Alexander dies. Venizelos decides to renew the elections in order to prevent Constantine's return to the throne and enters the elections with the slogan "Constantine or me!". The people elect Constantine and the party that supports him. Venizelos flees abroad. The French government, which had once helped overthrow Constantine, is angry with Constantine and the Greek people who voted for the opposition, and takes a stand against the new government.
    The British were also uneasy, but preferred to wait to take a stand.
    The civilians and soldiers exiled and imprisoned by Venizelos reappeared on the stage, just like the members of the Freedom and Accord Party, fuelled by a longing for power and a grudge. The royalist General Papoulas was appointed commander of the Greek army in Anatolia. The government realised that if it evacuated Anatolia, Greece would lose the support of Britain, after France and Italy, and would be left alone; it could not afford to leave the Anatolian Greeks, whom they had been inflaming, alone with their fate. In the end, he accepted Venizelos' expansionist policy and to become a soldier of the British. For this reason, he did not touch some of the Venizelist commanders who knew the Anatolian events well.")
  24. ^ Watanabe, Michihiro (1988). Η Ιαπωνική Πολιτική Και Η Τελευταία Φάση Του Ανατολικού Ζητήματος (1919-1923) [Japanese Politics and the Final Phase of the Eastern Question (1919–1923)] (PhD thesis) (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. pp. 97–138.
  25. ^ According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia ... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics ..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche, Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139
  26. ^ A. Strahan claimed that: "The internationalisation of Constantinople and the Straits under the aegis of the League of Nations, feasible in 1919, was out of the question after the complete and decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks". A. Strahan, Contemporary Review, 1922.
  27. ^ N. B. Criss, Istanbul Under Allied Occupation, 1918–1923, 1999, p. 143. "But now in 1922, after the decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks, 40,000 Turkish soldiers moved towards Çanakkale."
  28. ^ It was composed (as of 1922) of around 2,500 ethnic Armenian volunteers. See Ramazian, Samvel (2010). Ιστορία των αρμενο-ελληνικών στρατιωτικών σχέσεων και συνεργασίας / Հայ-հունական ռազմական առնչությունների եւ համագործակցության պատմություն [History of Armenian-Greek military relations and cooperation] (in Greek and Armenian). Athens: Stamoulis Publications. pp. 200–201, 208–209. ISBN 978-9609952002. Cited in Vardanyan, Gevorg (12 November 2012). Հայ-հունական համագործակցության փորձերը Հայոց ցեղասպանության տարիներին (1915–1923 թթ.) [The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923)]. akunq.net (in Armenian). Research Center on Western Armenian Studies. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  29. ^ Ergün Aybars, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi I, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1984, pp. 319–334 (in Turkish)
  30. ^ Turkish General Staff, Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi, Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225
  31. ^ a b c d e Görgülü, İsmet (1992), Büyük Taarruz: 70 nci yıl armağanı (in Turkish), Genelkurmay basımevi, pp. 1, 4, 10, 360.
  32. ^ a b Erikan, Celâl (1917). 100 [i.e. Yüz] soruda Kurtuluş Savaşımızın tarihi. Gerçek Yayınevi.
  33. ^ a b Tuğlacı, Pars (1987), Çağdaş Türkiye (in Turkish), Cem Yayınevi, p. 169.
  34. ^ Eleftheria, Daleziou (2002). "Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919–1923: the Pursuit of Security by "Proxy" in Western Asia Minor". University of Glasgow. p. 108. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  35. ^ Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi [The Western Front in the Turkish War of Independence] (in Turkish), vol. 2 (II ed.), Ankara: Turkish General Staff, 1999, p. 225.
  36. ^ Asian Review. East & West. 1934.
  37. ^ Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5.
  38. ^ History of the Campaign of Minor Asia, General Staff of Army, Athens: Directorate of Army History, 1967, p. 140, on June 11 (OC) 6,159 officers, 193,994 soldiers (=200,153 men).
  39. ^ Eleftheria, Daleziou (2002). "Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919–1923: the Pursuit of Security by "Proxy" in Western Asia Minor". University of Glasgow. p. 243. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  40. ^ Giritli, İsmet (November 1986), Samsun'da Başlayan ve İzmir'de Biten Yolculuk (1919–1922) (III ed.), Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi [Atatürk Research Center], archived from the original on 5 April 2013
  41. ^ a b c Sabahattin Selek: Millî mücadele – Cilt I (engl.: National Struggle – Edition I), Burçak yayınevi, 1963, p. 109 (in Turkish)
  42. ^ Taşkıran, Cemalettin (2005). "Kanlı mürekkeple yazın çektiklerimizi ... !": Milli Mücadelede Türk ve Yunan esirleri, 1919–1923. Platin Yayınları. p. 26. ISBN 978-975-8163-67-0.
  43. ^ Επίτομος Ιστορία Εκστρατείας Μικράς Ασίας 1919–1922 [Abridged History of the Campaign of Minor Asia] (in Greek), Athens: Directorate of Army History, 1967, Table 2.
  44. ^ a b Στρατιωτική Ιστορία journal, Issue 203, December 2013, p. 67
  45. ^
    • Özdalga, Elizabeth. The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, activist and diplomat (2006), Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, p. 63.
    • Toynbee, Arnold. "Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) [9 March 1922], "Letter", The Times, Turkey".
    • Loder Park, U.S. Vice-Consul James. "Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34".
    • HG, Howell. "Report on the Nationalist Offensive in Anatolia, Istanbul: The Inter-Allied commission proceeding to Bourssa, F.O. 371-7898, no. E10383.(15 September 1922)
  46. ^ Ahmet Özdemir, Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri, Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 2nd ed., Number 6, 1990, pp. 328–332
  47. ^ Kate Fleet; I. Metin Kunt; Reşat Kasaba; Suraiya Faroqhi (2008). The Cambridge History of Turkey. p. 226.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.