Duḥkha
| Translations of Duḥkha | |
|---|---|
| English | suffering, unhappiness, pain, unsatisfactoriness, unease, stress |
| Sanskrit | दुःख (IAST: Duḥkha) |
| Pali | Dukkha |
| Bengali | দুঃখ (duḥkhô) |
| Burmese | ဒုက္ခ (MLCTS: doʊʔkʰa̰) |
| Chinese | 苦 (Pinyin: kǔ) |
| Japanese | 苦 (Rōmaji: ku) |
| Khmer | ទុក្ខ (UNGEGN: tŭkkh) |
| Korean | 고 苦 (RR: ko) |
| Shan | တုၵ်ႉၶ ([tṵ̂kkha]) |
| Sinhala | දුක්ඛ සත්යය (dukkha satyaya) |
| Tibetan | སྡུག་བསྔལ། (Wylie: sdug bsngal; THL: dukngal) |
| Tamil | துக்கம் (thukkam) |
| Tagalog | ᜇᜓᜃ᜔ᜑ dukha |
| Thai | ทุกข์ (RTGS: thuk) |
| Vietnamese | 苦 khổ 災害 Bất toại |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
Duḥkha (/ˈduːkə/; Sanskrit: दुःख, Pali: dukkha) "suffering", "pain", "unease", or "unsatisfactoriness", is an important concept in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. Its meaning depends on the context, and may refer more specifically to the "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease" of craving for and grasping after transient 'things' (sense objects, including thoughts), expecting pleasure from them while ignorant of this transientness.[1][2][3][4][note 1] In Buddhism, dukkha is part of the first of the Four Noble Truths and one of the three marks of existence. The term also appears in scriptures of Hinduism, such as the Upanishads, in discussions of moksha (spiritual liberation).[5][6]
While the term dukkha has often been derived from the prefix du- ("bad" or "difficult") and the root kha ("empty," "hole"), meaning a badly fitting axle-hole of a cart or chariot giving "a very bumpy ride,"[7][8] it may actually be derived from duḥ-stha, a "dis-/ bad- + stand-", that is, "standing badly, unsteady," "unstable."[9][10][11][12]
- ^ Huxter (2016), p. 10.
- ^ Harvey (2015), p. 26–31.
- ^ Anderson (2013), p. 1, 22 with note 4.
- ^ Nyanatiloka Thera (2004), p. 61.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
olivellebu44142was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Deussen1980p497was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Sargeant 2009, p. 303.
- ^ Goldstein 2013, p. 289.
- ^ Monier-Williams 1899, p. 483, entry note: .
- ^ Analayo (2013), p. 242.
- ^ Beckwith (2015), p. 30.
- ^ Alexander (2019), p. 36.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).