Venice

Venice (/ˈvɛnɪs/ VEN-iss; Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] ^ⓘ; Venetian: Venesia [veˈnɛsja], formerly Venexia [veˈnɛzja]) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the region of Veneto. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are linked by 438 bridges.^[3]

The islands are in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay lying between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers (more exactly between the Brenta and the Sile). As of 2025, 249,466 people resided in greater Venice or the Comune of Venice,^[2] of whom about 51,000 live in the historical island city of Venice (centro storico) and the rest on the mainland (terraferma).

Together with the cities of Padua and Treviso, Venice is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE), which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6 million.^[4]

The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC.^[5][6] The city was the capital of the Republic of Venice for almost a millennium, from 810 to 1797. It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as an important centre of commerce—especially silk, grain, and spice, and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th. The then-city-state is considered to have been the first real international financial centre, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century.^[7] This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history.^[8]

For centuries, Venice possessed numerous territories along the Adriatic Sea and within the Italian peninsula, leaving a significant impact on the architecture and culture that can still be seen today.^[9][10] The Venetian Arsenal is considered by several historians to be the first factory in history and was the base of Venice's naval power.^[11] The sovereignty of Venice came to an end in 1797, at the hands of Napoleon. Subsequently, in 1866, the city became part of the Kingdom of Italy.^[12]

Venice has been known as "La Dominante" ("The Dominant" or "The Ruler"), "La Serenissima" ("The Most Serene"), "Queen of the Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". The lagoon and the city within the lagoon were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, covering an area of 70,176.4 hectares (173,410 acres).^[13] Venice is known for several important artistic movements – especially during the Italian Renaissance – and has played an important role in the history of instrumental and operatic music; it is the birthplace of Baroque music composers Tomaso Albinoni and Antonio Vivaldi.^[14]

In the 21st century, Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has often been ranked one of the most beautiful cities in the world.^[15][16] It has been described by The Times as one of Europe's most romantic cities^[17] and by The New York Times as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".^[18] However, the city faces challenges, including overtourism, pollution, tide peaks, and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings.^[19][20][21] Because Venice and its lagoon are under constant threat, Venice's UNESCO listing has been under constant examination.^[22]