United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates^[b] (UAE), also known simply as the Emirates,^[c] is a country in West Asia, situated at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a federal semi-constitutional monarchy made up of seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi serving as its national capital^[14] while Dubai is the country's largest city. It shares land borders with Oman to the east and northeast, and with Saudi Arabia to the southwest; as well as maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran, and with Oman in the Gulf of Oman. As of 2024, the UAE has an estimated population of over 10 million, which is multi-ethnic. Islam is the majority religion and Arabic is the official language, while English is the most spoken language and the language of business.^[2]

The present United Arab Emirates is located within the medieval region of Eastern Arabia which shared a culture of seafaring. The Portuguese Empire arrived in the region around 1500 and set up bases on the territory while waging wars against the Persians. After their expulsion, the Dutch controlled the straits and had established global maritime dominance.^[15] By the 19th century, with pearling becoming a major economy, piracy in the gulf caused by some local tribes caused the British to arrive,^[16][17] which led to the sheikhdoms forming a pact with them creating the Trucial States, effectively shielding the area from Saudi and Omani expansion that claimed suzerainty over it.^[18] The Trucial States remained a British protectorate until full independence as the United Arab Emirates in 1971. Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president (1971–2004), oversaw rapid development of the Emirates by investing revenues from newly found oil into healthcare, education, and infrastructure.^[19]

Internationally, the UAE is considered a middle power^[20] and the city of Dubai serves as an international hub.^[21][22] Only 11% of the population are native Emiratis who are outnumbered by expatriates and migrant workers, most of whom are from South Asia.^[23] The United Arab Emirates has the world's seventh-largest oil reserves and seventh-largest natural gas reserves.^[24][25] The country has the most diversified economy among the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), having become less reliant on natural resources in the 21st century and increasingly focusing on tourism and business.^[26] It is a member of the United Nations, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, OPEC, Non-Aligned Movement, World Trade Organization, and BRICS. The UAE is also a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

The Federal Supreme Council, made up of the seven ruling emirs, is the highest state authority, jointly appointing one member as federal President who in turn appoints a prime minister, itself forming the cabinet.^[27] An authoritarian state, the UAE is generally liberal by regional standards^[17] and it ranks highly in several social indicators such as housing, healthcare, education and personal safety, as well as the highest regionally in the Human Development Index.^[28] Human rights organisations consider the UAE substandard on human rights, ranking low in the human freedom index. This is due to reports of government critics being imprisoned and tortured, families harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of forced disappearances.^[29] Individual rights such as the freedoms of assembly, association, expression, and the freedom of the press are severely repressed.^[30]

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