Title IX
| Long title | An Act to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965, the Vocational Education Act of 1963, the General Education Provisions Act (creating a National Foundation for Postsecondary Education and a National Institute of Education), the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, Public Law 874, Eighty-first Congress, and related Acts, and for other purposes. |
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| Nicknames | Education Amendments of 1972 |
| Enacted by | the 92nd United States Congress |
| Effective | June 23, 1972 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 92-318 |
| Statutes at Large | 86 Stat. 235 |
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| Titles amended | 20 U.S.C.: Education |
| U.S.C. sections created | 20 U.S.C. ch. 38 § 1681 et seq. |
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Title IX is a landmark federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the federal government. This is Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (June 23, 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688.
Senator Birch Bayh wrote the 37 opening words of Title IX.[1][2] Bayh first introduced an amendment to the Higher Education Act to ban discrimination on the basis of sex on August 6, 1971, and again on February 28, 1972, when it passed the Senate. Representative Edith Green, chair of the Subcommittee on Education, had held hearings on discrimination against women, and introduced legislation in the House on May 11, 1972. The full Congress passed Title IX on June 8, 1972.[3] Representative Patsy Mink emerged in the House to lead efforts to protect Title IX against attempts to weaken it, and it was later renamed the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act following Mink's death in 2002.[4] When Title IX was passed in 1972, 42 percent of the students enrolled in American colleges were female.[5]
The purpose of Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 was to update Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned several forms of discrimination in employment, but did not address or mention discrimination in education.
- ^ Hunsinger Benbow, Dana (March 14, 2019). "Sen. Birch Bayh, in tears: 'I had no idea that Title IX would have this kind of impact'". IndyStar. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
- ^ Arvidson, Cheryl (September 20, 1975). "Senate ERA author fights sports bill". Chicago Defender.
- ^ "Title IX: Legislative History". Civil Rights Division. U.S. Department of Justice. August 6, 2015. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
- ^ Miller, George (October 29, 2002). "H.J. Res. 113 – 107th Congress (2001–2002): Recognizing the contributions of Patsy Takemoto Mink". www.congress.gov. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Melnick, R. Shep (2018). "ONE Rights Regulation". The Transformation of Title IX: Regulating Gender Equality in Education. Brookings Institution Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8157-3222-8. JSTOR 10.7864/j.ctt1vw0rgc.
In 1972, 58 percent of college students were male and 42 percent female. By 2010 those numbers had flipped: 57 percent of college students were women, and that number keeps creeping up.