Timber rattlesnake

Timber rattlesnake; Temporal range: Miocene – Present
	A timber rattlesnake in situ
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	; Apparently Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Crotalus
Species:	C. horridus
Binomial name
	Crotalus horridus; Linnaeus, 1758
	Timber rattlesnake range
Synonyms
	List Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Crotalus boiquira Lacépède, 1789 ; Crotalus atricaudatus Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 ; Crotalus zetazomae Brickell, 1805 ; Crotalinus cyanurus ; Rafinesque, 1818 ; Crotalus catesbaei ; Hemprich, 1820 ; Crotalurus cyanurus ; – Rafinesque, 1820 ; Caudisona horrida ; – Fleming, 1822 ; Crotalus horidus Gray, 1825; (ex errore) ; Crotalus durissus var. concolor ; Jan, 1859 ; Crotalus durissus var. melanurus Jan, 1859 ; Crotalus durissus var. mexicana Jan, 1863 ; Crotalus fasciatus Higgins, 1873 ; Crotalus horridus var. atricaudatus – Garman, 1884 ; Crotalus horridus ; – Boulenger, 1896 ; Crotalus durissus cincolor ; Notestein, 1905 (ex errore) ; Crotalus horridus horridus ; – Gloyd, 1935 ; Crotalus horridus atricaudatus ; – Gloyd, 1935 ; Crotalus horridus ; – Collins & Knight, 1980 ;

The timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), also known commonly as the canebrake rattlesnake and the banded rattlesnake,^[6] is a species of pit viper in the family Viperidae. The species is native to the eastern United States. Like all other pit vipers, it is venomous, with a very toxic bite.^[7] Its venom is extremely potent, and both hemorrhagic and neurotoxic venom are present depending on population and location.^[8]^[9] C. horridus is the only rattlesnake species in most of the populous Northeastern United States and is second only to its relatives to the west, the prairie rattlesnake, as the most northerly distributed venomous snake in North America.^[10]^[11] There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.^[12]^[13]

^ Parmley, Dennis (1995). "Hemphillian (Late Miocene) snakes from Nebraska, with comments on Arikareean through Blancan snakes of midcontinental North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (1): 79–95. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15...79P. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011208. S2CID 129349031.
^ Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Crotalus horridus ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T64318A12765920. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64318A12765920.en. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
^ NatureServe (2 June 2023). "Crotalus horridus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^ U.S. Geological Survey (2017). "Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) rTIRAx_CONUS_2001v1 Range Map". Gap Analysis Project. doi:10.5066/F7BR8R5P.
^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^ Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. (Crotalus horridus, pp. 956–966.)
^ Rokyta, Darin R.; Wray, Kenneth P.; Margres, Mark J. (2013). "The genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics". BMC Genomics. 14: 394. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-394. PMC 3701607. PMID 23758969.
^ Rokyta, D. R., Wray, K. P., McGivern, J. J., & Margres, M. J. (2015). The transcriptomic and proteomic basis for the evolution of a novel venom phenotype within the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). Toxicon, 98, 34-48.
^ Rokyta, Darin R; Wray, Kenneth P; Margres, Mark J (2013). "The genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 394. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-394. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 3701607. PMID 23758969.
^ Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (First published in 1958). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1–48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Crotalus horridus, pp. 233–235 + Plate 35 + Map 178.)
^ Brown, William S. (1991). "Female Reproductive Ecology in a Northern Population of the Timber Rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus ". Herpetologica 47 (1): 101-115.
^ Cite error: The named reference NRDB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Crotalus horridus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 March 2023.

[1] Parmley, Dennis (1995). "Hemphillian (Late Miocene) snakes from Nebraska, with comments on Arikareean through Blancan snakes of midcontinental North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (1): 79–95. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15...79P. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011208. S2CID 129349031.

[IUCN-2] Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Crotalus horridus ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T64318A12765920. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64318A12765920.en. Retrieved 9 November 2022.

[3] NatureServe (2 June 2023). "Crotalus horridus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 25 June 2023.

[4] U.S. Geological Survey (2017). "Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) rTIRAx_CONUS_2001v1 Range Map". Gap Analysis Project. doi:10.5066/F7BR8R5P.

[McD99-5] McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

[W&W57-6] Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. (Crotalus horridus, pp. 956–966.)

[7] Rokyta, Darin R.; Wray, Kenneth P.; Margres, Mark J. (2013). "The genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics". BMC Genomics. 14: 394. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-394. PMC 3701607. PMID 23758969.

[8] Rokyta, D. R., Wray, K. P., McGivern, J. J., & Margres, M. J. (2015). The transcriptomic and proteomic basis for the evolution of a novel venom phenotype within the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). Toxicon, 98, 34-48.

[9] Rokyta, Darin R; Wray, Kenneth P; Margres, Mark J (2013). "The genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 394. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-394. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 3701607. PMID 23758969.

[Con75-10] Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (First published in 1958). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1–48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Crotalus horridus, pp. 233–235 + Plate 35 + Map 178.)

[11] Brown, William S. (1991). "Female Reproductive Ecology in a Northern Population of the Timber Rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus ". Herpetologica 47 (1): 101-115.

[NRDB-12] Cite error: The named reference NRDB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ITIS-13] "Crotalus horridus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 March 2023.

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