Spanish protectorate in Morocco
Spanish protectorate in Morocco | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912–1956 | |||||||||
Merchant Ensign
Coat of arms
| |||||||||
| Anthem: Marcha Real | |||||||||
Map of the protectorate's northern zone (Spanish Morocco proper) and southern zone (Cape Juby) | |||||||||
Map of the northern zone in 1956 | |||||||||
| Status | Protectorate of Spain | ||||||||
| Capital | Tetuán | ||||||||
| Common languages | Spanish (official) Berber Arabic Tetuani or Haketia | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam (majority) Catholicism Judaism | ||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy (under protectorate) | ||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||
• 1912–1927 | Yusef | ||||||||
• 1927–1956 | Mohammed V | ||||||||
| High Commissioner | |||||||||
• 1913 (first) | Felipe Alfau Mendoza | ||||||||
• 1951–1956 (last) | Rafael García Valiño | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Treaty of Madrid | 27 November 1912 | ||||||||
• Rif War | June 1921 – May 1926 | ||||||||
• Nationalist uprising | July 1936 | ||||||||
• Occupation of Tangier | June 1940 – October 1945 | ||||||||
• Retroceded to Morocco | 7 April 1956 | ||||||||
| Currency | Spanish peseta | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Spanish protectorate in Morocco[a] was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain[2] that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.
The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate[3] around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish Sahara. The northern zone became part of independent Morocco on 7 April 1956, shortly after France relinquished its protectorate. Spain finally ceded its southern zone through the Treaty of Angra de Cintra on 1 April 1958, after the short Ifni War.[4] The city of Tangier was excluded from the Spanish protectorate and received a special internationally controlled status as Tangier International Zone.
Since France already held a protectorate over most of the country and had controlled Morocco's foreign affairs since 30 March 1912, it also held the power to delegate a zone to Spanish protection.[5]
The surface area of the Protectorate was about 20,000 km2 (7,722 sq mi).[6]
- ^ Presidency of the Government (11 October 1997). "Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado núm. 244 (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015.
- ^ "Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco". The American Journal of International Law. 7 (2 [Supplement: Official Documents]): 81–99. 1913. doi:10.2307/2212275. JSTOR 2212275. S2CID 246007581.
- ^ Vilar 2005, p. 143.
- ^ Gangas Geisse & Santis Arenas 2011, p. 3.
- ^ Woolman 1968, pp. 14–16.
- ^ Ramiro de la Mata, Javier (2008). "España y el Protectorado en Marruecos: Aproximación a un proceso colonial". Anales de Historia Contemporánea (24): 291–309.
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