Socialization
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In sociology, socialization (or socialisation) is the process through which individuals internalize the norms, customs, values and ideologies of their society. It involves both learning and teaching and is the primary means of maintaining social and cultural continuity over time.[1]: 5 It is a lifelong process that shapes the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children.[2][3]
Socialization is closely linked to developmental psychology and behaviorism.[4] Humans need social experiences to learn their culture and to survive.[5]
Socialization may lead to desirable outcomes—sometimes labeled "moral"—as regards the society where it occurs.[6] Individual views are influenced by the society's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or "normal". Socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not blank slates predetermined by their environment;[7] scientific research provides evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and genes.[8][9][10][11]
Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with their genotype to influence behavioral outcomes.[12]
- ^ Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialisation and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company
- ^ "socialization". Encyclopædia Britannica (Student and home ed.). Chicago. 2010.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Cromdal, Jakob (2006). "Socialization". In K. Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. North-Holland: Elsevier. pp. 462–66. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00353-9. ISBN 978-0080448541.
- ^ Billingham, M. (2007) Sociological Perspectives p. 336. In Stretch, B. and Whitehouse, M. (eds.) (2007) Health and Social Care Book 1. Oxford: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-49915-0
- ^ Macionis, John J.; Gerber, Linda Marie (2010). Sociology (7th Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. ISBN 978-0-13-800270-1. OCLC 434559397.
- ^ Valavi, Parvaneh; Harouni, Nooshafarin Soleimani; Moghadam, Masoud Safaei (2022-11-26). "The lived experience of parents from educating morality to their children Phenomenological study". Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 11: 354. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1053_21. PMC 9818687. PMID 36618474.
- ^ Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
- ^ Dusheck, Jennie, "The Interpretation of Genes". Natural History, October 2002.
- ^ Carlson, N.R.; et al. (2005) Psychology: the science of behavior. Pearson (3rd Canadian edition). ISBN 0-205-45769-X.
- ^ Ridley, M. (2003) Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes us Human. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-200663-4.
- ^ Westen, D. (2002) Psychology: Brain, Behavior & Culture. Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-38754-1.
- ^ Kendler, Kenneth S.; Baker, J. H. (2007). "Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review". Psychological Medicine. 37 (5): 615–26. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009524. PMID 17176502. S2CID 43598144.