Sex–gender distinction

While in ordinary speech, the terms sex and gender are often used interchangeably, in contemporary academic literature, the terms often have distinct meanings, especially when referring to people.[1][2] Sex generally refers to an organism's assigned biological sex, while gender usually refers to either social roles typically associated with the sex of a person (gender role) or personal identification of one's own gender based on their own personal sense of it (gender identity).[3][4][5][6]

Most contemporary social scientists,[7][8][9] behavioral scientists and biologists,[10][11] many legal systems and government bodies and intergovernmental agencies such as the WHO make a distinction between gender and sex.[12][13] In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and sex is consistent with the individual's gender identity, but in rare circumstances, an individual's assigned sex and gender do not align, and the person may be transgender.[14][3]

Though sex and gender have been used interchangeably at least as early as the fourteenth century, this usage was not common by the late 1900s.[15] Issac Madison Bentley defined gender as the "socialized obverse of sex" in 1945.[16][17] Sexologist John Money popularized this distinction beginning in 1955, but did not invent it.[18][19] As Money viewed it, gender and sex are analysed together as a single category including both biological and social elements, but later work by Robert Stoller separated the two, designating sex and gender as biological and cultural categories, respectively.[20] Before the work of Bentley, Money and Stoller, the word gender was only regularly used to refer to grammatical categories.[21][22][23]

  1. ^ Udry, J. Richard (November 1994). "The Nature of Gender" (PDF). Demography. 31 (4): 561–573. doi:10.2307/2061790. JSTOR 2061790. PMID 7890091. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2015.
  2. ^ Haig, David (April 2004). "The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 33 (2): 87–96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.9143. doi:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d. PMID 15146141. S2CID 7005542. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Prince, Virginia. 2005. "Sex vs. Gender." International Journal of Transgenderism. 8(4).
  4. ^ Neil R., Carlson (2010). Psychology: The science of behavior. Fourth Canadian edition. Pearson. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0205702862.
  5. ^ "Gender and Genetics". WHO. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  6. ^ "Sex & Gender". Office of Research on Women's Health. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  7. ^ Kimmel, Michael S. (2017). The gendered society (Sixth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-026031-6. OCLC 949553050.
  8. ^ "GENDER". Social Science Dictionary. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  9. ^ Lindsey, Linda L. (2010). "Ch. 1. The Sociology of gender" (PDF). Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-244830-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2015.
  10. ^ Kimmel 2017, p. 3.
  11. ^ Paludi, Michele Antoinette (2008). The Psychology of Women at Work: Challenges and Solutions for Our Female Workforce. ABC-CLIO. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-275-99677-2. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  12. ^ O'Halloran, Kerry (2020). Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and International Human Rights Law: Common Law Perspectives. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 22–28, 328–329. ISBN 978-0-429-44265-0. OCLC 1110674742.
  13. ^ "Gender: definitions". WHO/Europe. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  14. ^ Bhargava, Aditi; Arnold, Arthur P; Bangasser, Debra A; Denton, Kate M; Gupta, Arpana; Hilliard Krause, Lucinda M; Mayer, Emeran A; McCarthy, Margaret; Miller, Walter L; Raznahan, Armin; Verma, Ragini (2021). "Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement". Endocrine Reviews. 42 (3): 219–258. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa034. ISSN 0163-769X. PMC 8348944. PMID 33704446.
  15. ^ Haig, David (2000). "Of sex and gender". Nature Genetics. 25 (4): 373. doi:10.1038/78033. PMID 10932174. S2CID 5127617.
  16. ^ Bentley, Madison (April 1945). "Sanity and Hazard in Childhood". The American Journal of Psychology. 58 (2): 212–246. doi:10.2307/1417846. ISSN 0002-9556. JSTOR 1417846.
  17. ^ Horley, James; Clarke, Jan (July 11, 2016). Experience, Meaning, and Identity in Sexuality: A Psychosocial Theory of Sexual Stability and Change. Springer. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-137-40096-3. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  18. ^ Money J. "Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings". Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1955 Jun;96(6):253-64. PMID 14378807.
  19. ^ Downing, Lisa (December 19, 2014). Fuckology : critical essays on John Money's diagnostic concepts. University of Chicago Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-226-18658-0. OCLC 902609808.
  20. ^ Money, John (September 1994). "The Concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 20 (3): 163–177. doi:10.1080/00926239408403428. ISSN 0092-623X. PMID 7996589. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  21. ^ Udry, J. Richard (November 1994). "The Nature of Gender". Demography. 31 (4): 561–573. doi:10.2307/2061790. JSTOR 2061790. PMID 7890091.
  22. ^ Aldous, Joan (1967). International bibliography of research in marriage and the family: 1965-1972. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 1–508. ISBN 978-1-4529-1037-6. OCLC 421999249. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
  23. ^ Haig, David (April 2004). "The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 33 (2): 87–96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.9143. doi:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d. PMID 15146141. S2CID 7005542. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2012.
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