Enclave and exclave

Explanatory diagram of territorial discontinuities: Enclaves and exclaves
Different territories (countries, states, counties, municipalities, etc.) are represented by different colours and letters; separated parts of the same territory are represented by the same colour and letter, with a different number added to each smaller part of that territory (the main part is identified by the letter only).
  •   A:
    • possesses 5 exclaves (A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5): it is impossible to go from the main part of A to any of these parts going only through territory of A; however:
      • A1 and A2 are not enclaves: neither of them is surrounded by a single "foreign" territory;
      • A1 is a semi-enclave and a semi-exclave: it has an unsurrounded sea border;
      • A2 is an exclave of A: it is separated from A;
      • A3 is an enclave: it is completely surrounded by B;
      • A4 and A5 are counter-enclaves (also known as second-order enclaves): territories belonging to A that are encroached inside the enclave E;
    • contains 1 enclave (E): "foreign" territory totally surrounded by territory of A;
    • contains 1 counter-counter-enclave, or third-order enclave (E1).
  •   B:
    • contains 2 enclaves (A3 and D).
  •   C:
    • continuous territory, contains no enclave or exclave
  •   D:
    • is an enclaved territory: it is territorially continuous, but its territory is totally surrounded by a single "foreign" territory (B).
  •   E:
    • is an enclaved territory: it is inside A;
    • contains 2 enclaves (A4 and A5), which are counter-enclaves of A;
    • possesses 1 counter-enclave (E1), which is a counter-counter-enclave as viewed by A and contained within A5.
In topological terms, A and E are each (sets of) unconnected surfaces, and B, C and D are connected surfaces. However, C and D are also simply connected surfaces, while B is not (it has first Betti number 2, the number of "holes" in B).

An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one.[1] Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters.[2]: 60  Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state.[1] Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa) and San Marino and Vatican City (both enclaved by Italy) are enclaved sovereign states.

An exclave is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory.[3] Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by the territory of more than one state is not an enclave.[4] The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.

Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves.[4]: 116 [5]: 12–14  Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states (Monaco, The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just a part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast and the state of Alaska).[4]

A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country.[6]: 283  Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves.[5]: 31  Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington, and Minnesota's Northwest Angle. A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north.

  1. ^ a b Raton, Pierre (1958). "Les enclaves". Annuaire Français de Droit International. 4: 186. doi:10.3406/afdi.1958.1373.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Melamid was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Exclave". Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989. p. 497.
  4. ^ a b c Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yuri (2013). "The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region". Baltic Region. 2 (2): 113–123. doi:10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-11.
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference EV was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Robinson, G. W. S. (September 1959). "Exclaves". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 49 (3, [Part 1]): 283–295. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x. JSTOR 2561461.
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