Scramble for Africa

The Scramble for Africa^[a] was the invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th century and early 20th century in the era of "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom.

In 1870, 10% of the continent was formally under European control. By 1914, this figure had risen to almost 90%; the only states retaining sovereignty were Liberia, Ethiopia, Egba,^[b] Aussa, Senusiyya,^[2] Mbunda,^[3] Ogaden/Haud,^[4][5] the Dervish State, the Darfur Sultanate,^[6] and the Ovambo kingdoms,^[7][8] most of which were later conquered.

The 1884 Berlin Conference regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa, and is seen as emblematic of the "scramble".^[9] In the last quarter of the 19th century, there were considerable political rivalries between the European empires, which provided the impetus for the colonisation.^[10] The later years of the 19th century saw a transition from "informal imperialism" – military influence and economic dominance – to direct rule.^[11][12]

With the decline of the European colonial empires in the wake of the two world wars, most African colonies gained independence during the Cold War, and decided to keep their colonial borders in the Organisation of African Unity conference of 1964 due to fears of civil wars and regional instability, placing emphasis on pan-Africanism.^[13]

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).