Scottish independence
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Scottish independence (Scottish Gaelic: Neo-eisimeileachd na h-Alba; Scots: Scots unthirldom)[1] is the idea of Scotland regaining its independence and once again becoming a sovereign state, independent from the United Kingdom. It also refers to the political movement that is campaigning to bring about Scottish independence.[2][3][4][5]
Scotland was an independent kingdom through the Middle Ages, and fought wars to maintain its independence from the Kingdom of England. The two kingdoms were united in personal union in 1603 when, upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England, King James VI of Scotland also became James I of England. The kingdoms were united politically into one kingdom called Great Britain by the Acts of Union 1707 during the reign of Queen Anne.[6] This united the countries, ended the wars of independence and created relative peace. Political campaigns for Scottish self-government began in the 19th century, initially in the form of demands for home rule within the United Kingdom. Two referendums on devolution were held in 1979 and in 1997, and a devolved Scottish Parliament was established on 1 July 1999.
The pro-independence Scottish National Party (SNP) first became the governing party of the devolved parliament following the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, and it won an outright majority of seats at the 2011 Scottish Parliament election. This led to an agreement between the Scottish and British governments to hold the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Voters were asked: "Should Scotland be an independent country?"[7] 44.7 per cent answered "Yes" and 55.3 per cent answered "No". There was a record voter turnout of 85 per cent.[8][9]
A second referendum on independence has been proposed, particularly since the UK voted to leave the European Union in the June 2016 membership referendum and since pro-independence parties increased their majority at the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. In June 2022 Nicola Sturgeon, the first minister of Scotland and the leader of the SNP, proposed the date of 19 October 2023 for a new independence referendum, subject to confirmation of its legality and constitutionality.[10] In November 2022 the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ruled that the Scottish Parliament did not have the power to legislate for a second referendum.[11]
- ^ "Inside Information". The Herald. 31 August 1993. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- ^ "Brexit: Scots prefer independence to no-deal, poll finds". The Scotsman. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ Brooks, Libby (15 November 2018). "Sturgeon: Brexit chaos makes independence case stronger every day". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Scottish nationalists want to take back control". The Economist. 11 October 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021.
- ^ Massie, Alex (15 December 2019). "Never mind Brexit – Boris Johnson's biggest battle is Scotland trying to take back control". The Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021.
- ^ "Union with England Act 1707". British Government. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "Scotland's Referendum 2014 - Background". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Nowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Referendum results: Turnout a record high as Scots vote No to independence". Scotland Now. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ Sturgeon, Nicola (28 June 2022). "Nicola Sturgeon's full statement announcing the 2023 independence referendum". Scottish National Party. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- ^ "Scottish independence: Will there be a second referendum?". BBC. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.