Saṃsāra

Saṃsāra (Devanagari: संसार) is a Sanskrit word that means "wandering"[1][2] as well as "world," wherein the term connotes "cyclic change"[3] or, less formally, "running around in circles." Saṃsāra is referred to with terms or phrases such as transmigration/reincarnation, karmic cycle, or Punarjanman, and "cycle of aimless drifting, wandering or mundane existence".[1][4][5] When related to the theory of karma, it is the cycle of death and rebirth.[1][4][6]

The "cyclicity of all life, matter, and existence" is a fundamental belief of most Indian religions.[4][7][8] The concept of saṃsāra has roots in the post-Vedic literature; the theory is not discussed in the Vedas themselves.[9][10] It appears in developed form, but without mechanistic details, in the early Upanishads.[4][11][12] The full exposition of the saṃsāra doctrine is found in early Buddhism and Jainism, as well as in various schools of Hindu philosophy.[4][12][13] The saṃsāra doctrine is tied to the karma theory of Hinduism, and the liberation from saṃsāra has been at the core of the spiritual quest of Indian traditions, as well as their internal disagreements.[4][14][15] The liberation from saṃsāra is called Moksha, Nirvāṇa, Mukti, or Kaivalya.[4][5][16][17]

  1. ^ a b c Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011, pp. 271–72.
  2. ^ Lochtefeld 2002, p. 589.
  3. ^ Klaus Klostermaier 2010, p. 604.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Bodewitz, Henk (2019). "Chapter 1 – The Hindu Doctrine of Transmigration: Its Origin and Background". In Heilijgers, Dory H.; Houben, Jan E. M.; van Kooij, Karel (eds.). Vedic Cosmology and Ethics: Selected Studies. Gonda Indological Studies. Vol. 19. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 3–19. doi:10.1163/9789004400139_002. ISBN 978-90-04-40013-9. ISSN 1382-3442.
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Firth1997p106 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gross1993p148 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Yadav, Garima (2018), "Abortion (Hinduism)", Hinduism and Tribal Religions, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–3, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_484-1, ISBN 978-9402410365
  8. ^ Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
  9. ^ A.M. Boyer: Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara. Journal Asiatique, (1901), Volume 9, Issue 18, S. 451–53, 459–68
  10. ^ Yuvraj Krishan: . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1997, ISBN 978-81-208-1233-8
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference amboyer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b Stephen J. Laumakis 2008, pp. 90–99.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Krishan1997p17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Obeyesekere 2005, pp. 1–2, 108, 126–28.
  15. ^ Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011, pp. 272–73.
  16. ^ Michael Myers 2013, p. 36.
  17. ^ Harold Coward 2008, p. 103.
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