Resource curse

The resource curse, also known as the paradox of plenty or the poverty paradox, is the hypothesis that countries with an abundance of natural resources (such as fossil fuels and certain minerals) have lower economic growth, lower rates of democracy, or poorer development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources.[1] There are many theories and much academic debate about the reasons for and exceptions to the adverse outcomes. Most experts believe the resource curse is not universal or inevitable but affects certain types of countries or regions under certain conditions.[2][3] As of at least 2023, there is no academic consensus on the effect of resource abundance on economic development.[4]

  1. ^ Smith, Benjamin; Waldner, David (2021). Rethinking the Resource Curse. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108776837. ISBN 9781108776837. S2CID 233539488.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Venables 2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Alssadek, Marwan; Benhin, James (2023). "Natural resource curse: A literature survey and comparative assessment of regional groupings of oil-rich countries". Resources Policy. 84: 103715. doi:10.1016/S0301-4207(23)00452-X (inactive 7 September 2025). Retrieved 2025-08-26.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link)
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