Reading

Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.^[5]^[6]

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol and an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems.^[7] The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (as in the case of braille).^[8]

^ "read". Read Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. 17 July 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
^ "Definition of 'read'". Read definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary. Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^ "Read: Reproduce mentally or vocally the written or printed words by following the symbols with the eyes or fingers". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. The concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1990. ISBN 0-19-861243-5.
^ "read". READ | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
^ "What is reading? Reading Rockets". 24 April 2013. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
^ "National reading panel, Teaching child to read, Reports of the subgroups" (PDF). 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-28. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
^ Joyce, Terry, Borgwaldt, S. (2013). Typology of Writing Systems. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-90-272-0270-3.
^ "What Is Braille?". The American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original on 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
^ Research evidence on reading for pleasure, Department for Education, England, DFE-57519-2012. 2012.

[1] "read". Read Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. 17 July 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2021.

[2] "Definition of 'read'". Read definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary. Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2021-02-07.

[3] "Read: Reproduce mentally or vocally the written or printed words by following the symbols with the eyes or fingers". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. The concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1990. ISBN 0-19-861243-5.

[4] "read". READ | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2021-03-09.

[5] "What is reading? Reading Rockets". 24 April 2013. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2021.

[6] "National reading panel, Teaching child to read, Reports of the subgroups" (PDF). 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-28. Retrieved 2021-01-14.

[7] Joyce, Terry, Borgwaldt, S. (2013). Typology of Writing Systems. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-90-272-0270-3.

[8] "What Is Braille?". The American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original on 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2021-01-14.

[9] Research evidence on reading for pleasure, Department for Education, England, DFE-57519-2012. 2012.

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Part of a series on

Learning to read Reading readiness Vocabulary development Vocabulary learning
Scientific theories and models Dual route theory Simple view of reading Science of reading Scarborough's Reading Rope The active view of reading model
Cognitive processes Comprehension Phonemic awareness Phonological awareness Subvocalization Word recognition
Reading instruction Analytic phonics Basal reader Concept-oriented Directed listening and thinking activity Guided reading Independent reading Literature circle Phonics Reciprocal teaching Structured word inquiry Sustained silent reading Synthetic phonics Whole language
Reading rate Fluency Slow reading Speed reading Words per minute
Readability Automatic assessment Legibility Readability test
Reading differences and disabilities Dyslexia Hyperlexia Reading disability Reading for special needs
Language Alphabetic principle Braille Dolch word list Grapheme History of printing Language Morpheme Orthography Phoneme Sight word Vocabulary Written language Writing Writing system
Literacy Literacy rate Critical reading Close reading Distant reading Family literacy Functional illiteracy Great books Literary criticism Literature Children's