Quark–gluon plasma

Quark–gluon plasma (QGP or quark soup) is an interacting localized assembly of quarks and gluons at thermal (local kinetic) and (close to) chemical (abundance) equilibrium. The word plasma signals that free color charges are allowed. In a 1987 summary, Léon Van Hove pointed out the equivalence of the three terms: quark gluon plasma, quark matter and a new state of matter.[2] Since the temperature is above the Hagedorn temperature—and thus above the scale of light u,d-quark mass—the pressure exhibits the relativistic Stefan–Boltzmann format governed by temperature to the fourth power () and many practically massless quark and gluon constituents. It can be said that QGP emerges to be the new phase of strongly interacting matter which manifests its physical properties in terms of nearly free dynamics of practically massless gluons and quarks. Both quarks and gluons must be present in conditions near chemical (yield) equilibrium with their color charge open for a new state of matter to be referred to as QGP.

In the Big Bang theory, quark–gluon plasma filled the entire Universe before matter as we know it was created. Theories predicting the existence of quark–gluon plasma were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[3] Discussions around heavy ion experimentation followed suit,[4][5][6][7][8] and the first experiment proposals were put forward at CERN[9][10][11][12][13][14] and BNL[15][16] in the following years. Quark–gluon plasma[17][18] was detected for the first time in the laboratory at CERN in the year 2000.[19][20][21]

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  3. ^ Satz, H. (1981). Statistical Mechanics of Quarks and Hadrons: Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Bielefeld, F.R.G., August 24–31, 1980. North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-444-86227-3.
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  7. ^ Darmstadt), Workshop on Future Relativistic Heavy Ion Experiments (1980 (1981). Proceedings: GSI Darmstadt, October 7–10, 1980. GSI.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ 5th High Energy Heavy Ion Study, May 18–22, 1981: proceedings. LBL-12652. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. 1981. OSTI 5161227.
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  13. ^ Albrow, M. G. (1983). "Experiments with nuclear beams and targets". In Mannelli, Italo (ed.). Workshop on SPS Fixed-target Physics in the Years 1984–1989, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 6 – 10 Dec 1982. CERN-83-02. Vol. 2. Geneva: CERN. pp. 462–476. doi:10.5170/CERN-1983-002-V-2.462.
  14. ^ Quercigh, E. (2012). "Four heavy-ion experiments at the CERN-SPS: A trip down memory lane". Acta Physica Polonica B. 43 (4): 771. doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.43.771. ISSN 0587-4254. S2CID 126317771.
  15. ^ "Report of task force for relativistic heavy ion physics". Nuclear Physics A. 418: 657–668. 1984. Bibcode:1984NuPhA.418..657.. doi:10.1016/0375-9474(84)90584-0.
  16. ^ Laboratory, Brookhaven National (1983). Proposal for a 15A-GeV Heavy Ion Facility at Brookhaven. BNL 32250. Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  17. ^ Kapusta, J. I.; Müller, B.; Rafelski, Johann, eds. (2003). Quark–gluon plasma: theoretical foundations. Amsterdam: North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-444-51110-2.
  18. ^ Jacob, M.; Tran Thanh Van, J. (1982). "Quark matter formation and heavy ion collisions". Physics Reports. 88 (5): 321–413. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(82)90083-7.
  19. ^ a b Rafelski, Johann (2015). "Melting hadrons, boiling quarks". The European Physical Journal A. 51 (9) 114. arXiv:1508.03260. Bibcode:2015EPJA...51..114R. doi:10.1140/epja/i2015-15114-0. ISSN 1434-6001. S2CID 119191818.
  20. ^ Heinz, Ulrich; Jacob, Maurice (2000-02-16). "Evidence for a New State of Matter: An Assessment of the Results from the CERN Lead Beam Programme". arXiv:nucl-th/0002042.
  21. ^ Glanz, James (2000-02-10). "Particle Physicists Getting Closer To the Bang That Started It All". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
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