Qingdao

Qingdao^[a] is a prefecture-level city in the eastern Shandong Province of China. Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, Qingdao was long an important fortress.^[3] In 1897, the city was ceded to Germany. For the Germans, Qingdao was a strategic trade center, port and base for its East Asia Squadron, allowing the German navy to project dominance in the Pacific.^[4] In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, Japan occupied the city and the surrounding province during the Siege of Tsingtao. In 1915, China agreed to recognize Japan's special position in the territory through what became known as the Twenty-One Demands.^[5] In 1918, the Chinese government, under the control of the warlord Duan Qirui, secretly agreed to Japanese terms in exchange for a loan. Following the First World War, during the Paris Peace Conference, Japan secured agreements with the Allied powers to recognize its claim to the areas in Shandong, which included Qingdao, previously occupied by Germany. In 1922, Shandong reverted to Chinese control following the United States' mediation during the Washington Naval Conference.^[3] Today, Qingdao is a major nodal city of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that connects Continental and East Asia with Europe.^[6] It has the highest GDP of any city in the province.

Administered at the sub-provincial level,^[7] Qingdao has jurisdiction over seven districts and three county-level cities (Jiaozhou, Pingdu, Laixi). As of the 2020 census, Qingdao built-up (or metro) area made of the seven urban districts (Shinan, Shibei, Huangdao, Laoshan, Licang, Chengyang and Jimo) was home to 7,172,451 inhabitants, making it the 15th largest city in China by population.^[8] Lying across the Shandong Peninsula and looking out to the Yellow Sea, it borders the prefecture-level cities of Yantai to the northeast, Weifang^[9] to the west and Rizhao to the southwest.^[10]

Qingdao is a major seaport and naval base, as well as a commercial and financial center. It is home to electronics multinationals such as Haier and Hisense. The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao district, straddling the Jiaozhou Bay sea areas. Its historic German-style architecture and Tsingtao Brewery, the second largest brewery in China,^[11] are legacies of the German occupation (1898–1914). Qingdao is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis.^[12]

In 2007, Qingdao was named as one of China's top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report.^[13] In 2009, Qingdao was named China's most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness.^[14][15] In 2018, Qingdao held the Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit.^[16] In the 2024 Global Financial Centers Index, Qingdao ranked 31st.^[17] In 2024, Qingdao was rated as a Beta- level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.^[18]

Qingdao is also one of the world's top 50 cities for global scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.^[19] The city was also ranked 20th globally in the "Global Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" as of 2024.^[20] It is home to several notable universities, including the Ocean University of China, China University of Petroleum, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Technology, and Qingdao Agricultural University.^[21]

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