Plant hormone

Plant hormones (or phytohormones) are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations. Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including embryogenesis,[1] the regulation of organ size, pathogen defense,[2][3] stress tolerance[4][5] and reproductive development.[6] Unlike in animals (in which hormone production is restricted to specialized glands) each plant cell is capable of producing hormones.[7][8] Went and Thimann coined the term "phytohormone" and used it in the title of their 1937 book.[9]

Phytohormones occur across the plant kingdom, and even in algae, where they have similar functions to those seen in vascular plants ("higher plants").[10] Some phytohormones also occur in microorganisms, such as unicellular fungi and bacteria, however in these cases they do not play a hormonal role and can better be regarded as secondary metabolites.[11]

  1. ^ Méndez-Hernández HA, Ledezma-Rodríguez M, Avilez-Montalvo RN, Juárez-Gómez YL, Skeete A, Avilez-Montalvo J, et al. (2019). "Signaling Overview of Plant Somatic Embryogenesis". Frontiers in Plant Science. 10 77. Bibcode:2019FrPS...10...77M. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00077. PMC 6375091. PMID 30792725.
  2. ^ Shigenaga AM, Argueso CT (August 2016). "No hormone to rule them all: Interactions of plant hormones during the responses of plants to pathogens". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 56: 174–189. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.005. PMID 27312082.
  3. ^ Bürger M, Chory J (August 2019). "Stressed Out About Hormones: How Plants Orchestrate Immunity". Cell Host & Microbe. 26 (2): 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.006. PMC 7228804. PMID 31415749.
  4. ^ Ku YS, Sintaha M, Cheung MY, Lam HM (October 2018). "Plant Hormone Signaling Crosstalks between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (10): 3206. doi:10.3390/ijms19103206. PMC 6214094. PMID 30336563.
  5. ^ Ullah A, Manghwar H, Shaban M, Khan AH, Akbar A, Ali U, et al. (November 2018). "Phytohormones enhanced drought tolerance in plants: a coping strategy". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 25 (33): 33103–33118. Bibcode:2018ESPR...2533103U. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3364-5. PMID 30284160.
  6. ^ Pierre-Jerome E, Drapek C, Benfey PN (October 2018). "Regulation of Division and Differentiation of Plant Stem Cells". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 34: 289–310. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062459. PMC 6556207. PMID 30134119.
  7. ^ "Plant hormones". NCS Pearson. Archived from the original on 2021-11-27. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
  8. ^ "Plant Hormones". Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
  9. ^ Went FW, Thimann KV (1937). Phytohormones. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  10. ^ Tarakhovskaya ER, Maslov Y, Shishova MF (2007). "Phytohormones in algae". Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 54 (2): 163–170. Bibcode:2007RuJPP..54..163T. doi:10.1134/s1021443707020021.
  11. ^ Rademacher W (1994). "Gibberellin formation in microorganisms". Plant Growth Regulation. 15 (3): 303–314. Bibcode:1994PGroR..15..303R. doi:10.1007/BF00029903.
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