Commonwealth of the Philippines

Commonwealth of the Philippines
*Mancomunidad de Filipinas* (Spanish)
*Komonwelt ng Pilipinas* (Tagalog)
Commonwealth of the Philippines Mancomunidad de Filipinas (Spanish); Komonwelt ng Pilipinas (Tagalog)
1935–1942; 1942–1945: Government-in-exile; 1945–1946
	Flag of the United States; Flag of the Philippines; (1935–1946) Coat of arms
	Anthem: ; "The Philippine Hymn"
	1939 map of the Philippines
Status	Unincorporated and organized U.S. commonwealth (1935‍–‍1946); Government-in-exile (1942‍–‍1945);
Capital and largest city	Manila; 14°35′45″N 120°58′38″E / 14.59583°N 120.97722°E
Official languages	English; Spanish;
National language	Tagalog
Religion	None official Majority:; Christianity (Catholicism, Protestantism) Minority:; Sunni Islam, Indigenous Philippine folk religions
Government	Devolved presidential dependency within a federal republic
High Commissioner
• 1935–1937	Frank Murphy
• 1937–1939	Paul V. McNutt
• 1939–1942	Francis Bowes Sayre Sr.
• 1942–1945 (in exile)	Harold L. Ickes
• 1945–1946	Paul V. McNutt
President
• 1935–1944	Manuel L. Quezon
• 1944–1946	Sergio Osmeña
• 1946	Manuel Roxas
Vice President
• 1935–1944	Sergio Osmeña
• 1946	Elpidio Quirino
Legislature	National Assembly (1935‍–‍1941); Congress (1945‍–‍1946);
• Upper house	Senate; (1945–1946)
• Lower house	House of Representatives; (1945–1946)
Historical era	Interwar, World War II
• Tydings–McDuffie Act	November 15, 1935
• Government-in-exile	March 12, 1942
• Restoration	February 27, 1945
• Independence	July 4, 1946
• Treaty of Manila	October 22, 1946
Currency	Philippine peso (₱); United States dollar ($);
Time zone	UTC+08:00 (PST)
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	1935:; Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
	1945:; Second Philippine Republic
1942:; Philippine Executive Commission
1946:; Third Philippine; Republic
Today part of	Philippines
	^ Some sources assert that an English version written by Mary A. Lane and Camilo Osías was legalized by Commonwealth Act No. 382. The act, however, only concerns itself with the instrumental composition by Julián Felipe. ; ^ The Philippines belonged to, but were not a part of, the United States. See the Insular Cases article for more information. ; ^ Capital held by enemy forces between December 24, 1941, and February 27, 1945. Temporary capitals were Corregidor Island from December 24, 1941;; Iloilo City from February 22, 1942;; Bacolod from February 26;; Buenos Aires, Bago from February 27;; Oroquieta from March 19;; Bukidnon from March 23;; Government-in-exile in Melbourne, Australia, in April;; Government-in-exile in Washington, D.C., from May 13, 1942, to October 1944;; Tacloban from October 20, 1944.; ; ^ Later replaced by or redesignated as Filipino as the national language. ;

The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas;^[7]^[8] Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas^[9]) was an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States that existed from 1935 to 1946. It was established following the Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] and was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for full Philippine independence.^[14] Its foreign affairs remained managed by the United States.^[15]

During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a supreme court. Its legislature, dominated by the Nacionalista Party, was initially unicameral but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected Tagalog – the language of the capital Manila and its surrounding provinces – as the basis of the national language, although it would be many years before its usage became general. Women's suffrage was adopted, and the economy recovered to pre-Depression levels before the Japanese invasion of the islands in 1941. A period of exile took place during World War II from 1942 to 1945, when Japan occupied the Commonwealth.

The Commonwealth officially ended on July 4, 1946 as the Philippines attained full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution.^[16]

^ Roces, Alejandro R. (June 11, 2009). "Celebrating our freedom". The Philippine Star. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ Uckung, Peter Jaynul V. (September 7, 2012). "Music for the National Soul". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ "Commonwealth Act No. 382". Official Gazette (Philippines). September 5, 1938. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ 1935 Constitution, Article XIII, section 3 "The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages."
^
- Mair, Christian (2003). The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. Rodopi. pp. 479–482. ISBN 978-90-420-0876-2. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- Roger M. Thompson (January 1, 2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 27–29. ISBN 90-272-4891-5. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
- Christian Mair (January 1, 2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. p. 480. ISBN 90-420-0876-8. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
- Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (February 23, 2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Springer. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
^ Cite error: The named reference EO134 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Official Ballot". Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017. Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines – Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas
^ "Manuel Quezon historical marker". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. 1961. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
^ "Constitutional Law". Philconsa Yearbook. Philippine Constitution Association. 1965. Retrieved September 26, 2014."Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt". Bureau of Elementary Education. Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
^ Timeline 1930–1939, St. Scholastica's College, archived from the original on April 5, 2009, retrieved July 10, 2009.
^ Gin Ooi 2004, p. 387.
^ Zaide 1994, p. 319.
^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (November 14, 1935), "Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines", The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937, Santa Barbara: University of California, archived from the original on November 1, 2008, retrieved July 13, 2009, This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.
^ Castro, Christi-Anne (April 7, 2011). Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation. Oxford University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-19-974640-8. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
^ Seekins 1993, p. 39.
^ "The 1935 Constitution". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. February 8, 1935. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.

[4] Some sources assert that an English version written by Mary A. Lane and Camilo Osías was legalized by Commonwealth Act No. 382.^[1]^[2] The act, however, only concerns itself with the instrumental composition by Julián Felipe.^[3]

[5] The Philippines belonged to, but were not a part of, the United States. See the Insular Cases article for more information.

[6] Capital held by enemy forces between December 24, 1941, and February 27, 1945. Temporary capitals were
Corregidor Island from December 24, 1941;

Iloilo City from February 22, 1942;

Bacolod from February 26;

Buenos Aires, Bago from February 27;

Oroquieta from March 19;

Bukidnon from March 23;

Government-in-exile in Melbourne, Australia, in April;

Government-in-exile in Washington, D.C., from May 13, 1942, to October 1944;

Tacloban from October 20, 1944.

[4] Corregidor Island from December 24, 1941;

[5] Iloilo City from February 22, 1942;

[6] Bacolod from February 26;

[7] Buenos Aires, Bago from February 27;

[8] Oroquieta from March 19;

[9] Bukidnon from March 23;

[10] Government-in-exile in Melbourne, Australia, in April;

[11] Government-in-exile in Washington, D.C., from May 13, 1942, to October 1944;

[12] Tacloban from October 20, 1944.

[10] Later replaced by or redesignated as Filipino as the national language.

[1] Roces, Alejandro R. (June 11, 2009). "Celebrating our freedom". The Philippine Star. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[2] Uckung, Peter Jaynul V. (September 7, 2012). "Music for the National Soul". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[3] "Commonwealth Act No. 382". Official Gazette (Philippines). September 5, 1938. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[official_languages_provision-7] 1935 Constitution, Article XIII, section 3 "The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages."

[OLs-8] 
Mair, Christian (2003). The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. Rodopi. pp. 479–482. ISBN 978-90-420-0876-2. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
Roger M. Thompson (January 1, 2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 27–29. ISBN 90-272-4891-5. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Christian Mair (January 1, 2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. p. 480. ISBN 90-420-0876-8. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (February 23, 2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Springer. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Retrieved April 15, 2017.

[19] Mair, Christian (2003). The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. Rodopi. pp. 479–482. ISBN 978-90-420-0876-2. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

[20] Roger M. Thompson (January 1, 2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 27–29. ISBN 90-272-4891-5. Retrieved April 15, 2017.

[21] Christian Mair (January 1, 2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. p. 480. ISBN 90-420-0876-8. Retrieved April 15, 2017.

[22] Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (February 23, 2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Springer. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Retrieved April 15, 2017.

[EO134-9] Cite error: The named reference EO134 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[PML-11] "Official Ballot". Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017. Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines – Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas

[12] "Manuel Quezon historical marker". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. 1961. Retrieved August 16, 2021.

[filname-13] "Constitutional Law". Philconsa Yearbook. Philippine Constitution Association. 1965. Retrieved September 26, 2014."Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt". Bureau of Elementary Education. Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2014.

[InaugurationDate-14] Timeline 1930–1939, St. Scholastica's College, archived from the original on April 5, 2009, retrieved July 10, 2009.

[FOOTNOTEGin_Ooi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCdq15novemberpgPA387_387]-15] Gin Ooi 2004, p. 387.

[FOOTNOTEZaide1994319-16] Zaide 1994, p. 319.

[17] Roosevelt, Franklin D. (November 14, 1935), "Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines", The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937, Santa Barbara: University of California, archived from the original on November 1, 2008, retrieved July 13, 2009, This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.

[18] Castro, Christi-Anne (April 7, 2011). Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation. Oxford University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-19-974640-8. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2013.

[FOOTNOTESeekins199339-19] Seekins 1993, p. 39.

[Const_1935-20] "The 1935 Constitution". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. February 8, 1935. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.

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