Papal States
State of the Church | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anthem: Marcia trionfale (1857–1870)[6] "Triumphal March" | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Papal Shield | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Map of the Papal States (green) at their greatest extent in 1798, including its exclaves of Benevento and Pontecorvo in southern Italy, and the Comtat Venaissin and Avignon in southern France | |||||||||||||||||||||||
The legations of the Papal States in 1850: Rome, I. Romagna, II. Marche, III. Umbria, IV. Marittima e Campagna | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Rome 41°54′00″N 12°29′15″E / 41.90000°N 12.48750°E | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism (state religion) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pope | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• 756–757 (first) | Stephen II | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1846–1870 (last) | Pius IX | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cardinal Secretary of State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1551–1555 (first) | Girolamo Dandini | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1848–1870 (last) | Giacomo Antonelli | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1847–1848 (first) | Gabriele Ferretti | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1848–1849 (last) | Carlo E. Muzzarelli | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Parliament (1848) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• Donation of Pepin | 756 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 781 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• Treaty of Venice (sovereignty reaffirmed) | 1177 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Publication of the Constitutiones Aegidianae | 1357 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Roman Republic (1798–1799) | 15 February 1798 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Schönbrunn Palace Declarations | 17 May 1809 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Capture of Rome | 20 September 1870 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Annexation to the Kingdom of Italy | 9 October 1870 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Vatican City | 11 February 1929 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Before 1859[7] | 44,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1853[8] | 3,124,668 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| This article is part of a series on |
| Vatican City |
|---|
|
The Papal States (/ˈpeɪpəl/ PAY-pəl; Italian: Stato Pontificio; Latin: Dicio Pontificia), officially the State of the Church,[9] were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870.[10] They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the unification of Italy, which took place between 1859 and 1870, culminating in their demise.
The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gave Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Christian Lombards, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome as landlords from the time of Constantine onward. This donation came about as part of a process whereby the popes began to turn away from the Byzantine emperors as their foremost temporal guardians for reasons such as increased imperial taxes, disagreement with respect to iconoclasm, and failure of the emperors, or their exarchs in Italy, to protect Rome and the rest of the peninsula from barbarian invasion and pillage.[11]
During the Renaissance, the papal territory expanded greatly, and the pope became one of Italy's most important rulers as well as the head of Western Christianity. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria, Romagna, and portions of Emilia. The popes' reign over these lands was an exemplification of their temporal powers as secular rulers, as opposed to their ecclesiastical primacy.
By 1860, much of the Papal States' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy, except Lazio, which remained under the pope's control. By 1870, only the Leonine City within Rome was retained, the Italian kingdom refraining from occupying it militarily, despite its annexation. In 1929, the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, the head of the Italian government, ended the "Prisoner in the Vatican" period by negotiating the Lateran Treaty, signed by the two parties. This treaty acknowledged the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created territorial entity, a city-state within Rome limited to a token territory, the Vatican City, with the pope as its sovereign.
- ^ Moya, Gonzalo J. Herreros (2016). "Heráldica y emblemática en las cofradías de Córdoba. Algunos apuntes". Córdoba Cofrade (in Spanish). p. 60.
Si hubiera que ser fieles a la realidad histórica, no obstante, los colores de esta bandera no son exactamente fieles, ya que el amarillo y blanco usados en la actualidad por el Vaticano fueron una reforma de los colores de los Estados Pontificios acometida por Pío VII en 1808, pues históricamente, hasta entonces, se habían empleado amarillo y rojo, y por tanto, para describir el escudo de Alejandro VII -muy anterior a este cambio- hubiera sido preferible diseñarla con estos colores papales antiguos.
- ^ "Storia della Bandiera dello Stato della Città del Vaticano". vatican.va (in Italian). 31 December 2000.
Anticamente la bandiera dello Stato pontificio era giallorossa (o per meglio dire amaranto e rossa, colori derivati dai colori dello stemma della Santa Sede), i due colori tradizionali del Senato e del Popolo romano, che vennero tuttavia sostituiti con il bianco e il giallo nel 1808.
[In ancient times, the flag of the Papal States was yellow and red (or rather amaranth and red, colours derived from the traditional colours of the Holy See), the two traditional colours of the Senate and People of Rome, which however came to be substituted with white and yellow in 1808.] - ^ "Bandiera pontificia" (in Spanish). Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
En el pasado, la bandera del Estado pontificio era de color amarillo y granate (o mejor dicho, carmesì y rojo, colores relacionados con el escudo de la Santa Sede), dos colores tradicionales del Senado y del Pueblo romano.
[In ancient times, the flag of the Papal States was yellow and red (or rather amaranth and red, colours derived from the traditional colours of the Holy See), the two traditional colours of the Senate and People of Rome.] - ^ [1][2][3]
- ^ Vaticano, la bandiera di Porta Pia ritorna dopo 141 anni. www.lastampa.it. 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
- ^ "Inno Pontificio e la sua storia" (in Italian). Stato della città del Vaticano. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ Saylin, Gregory M. (November 1995). "The United Nations International Conference on Population and Development: Religion, Tradition, and Law in Latin America". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 28 (5): 1263.
- ^ Statistica della popolazione dello Stato pontificio dell'anno 1853 (PDF) (in Italian). Ministry of Commerce and Public Works. 1857. p. xxii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- ^ (Italian: Stato della Chiesa [ˈstaːto della ˈkjɛːza]; Latin: Status Ecclesiasticus), Frederik de Wit (1700), Status Ecclesiasticus et Magnus Ducatus Thoscanae Archived 2018-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Papal States". Encyclopædia Britannica. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
- ^ "Papal States | historical region, Italy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|work=ignored (help)