Ojibwe language
| Ojibwe | |
|---|---|
| Ojibwa | |
| Anishinaabemowin, ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ | |
| Pronunciation | [anɪʃːɪnaːpeːmowɪn] or [anɪʃɪnaːbeːmowɪn] |
| Native to | Canada, United States |
| Region | Canada: Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, groups in Alberta, British Columbia; United States: Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, groups in North Dakota, Montana |
| Ethnicity | Ojibwe |
Native speakers | (50,000 cited 1990–2016 censuses)[1] |
Algic
| |
| Dialects | (see Ojibwe dialects) |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | oj – Ojibwa |
| ISO 639-2 | oji – Ojibwa |
| ISO 639-3 | oji – inclusive code – OjibwaIndividual codes: ojs – Severn Ojibwaojg – Eastern Ojibwaojc – Central Ojibwaojb – Northwestern Ojibwaojw – Western Ojibwaciw – Chippewaotw – Ottawaalq – Algonquin |
| Glottolog | ojib1241 Ojibwa |
| Linguasphere | 62-ADA-d (Ojibwa+Anissinapek) |
Location of all Anishinaabe Reservations/Reserves and cities with an Anishinaabe population in North America, with diffusion rings about communities speaking Anishinaabe languages | |
Ojibwe is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
| Person | Ojibwe ᐅᒋᐺ Anishinaabe ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ |
|---|---|
| People | Ojibweg ᐅᒋᐺᒃ / ᐅᒋᐺᐠ Anishinaabek ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒃ / ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐠ |
| Language | Anishinaabemowin ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ Hand Talk |
| Country | Ojibwewaki[2] ᐅᒋᐻᐘᑭ Anishinaabewaki ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐘᑭ |
Ojibwe (/oʊˈdʒɪbweɪ/ oh-JIB-way),[3] also known as Ojibwa (/oʊˈdʒɪbwə/ oh-JIB-wə),[4][5][6] Ojibway, Otchipwe,[7] Ojibwemowin, or Anishinaabemowin, is an indigenous language of North America of the Algonquian language family.[8][9] The language is characterized by a series of dialects that have local names and frequently local writing systems. There is no single dialect that is considered the most prestigious or most prominent, and no standard writing system that covers all dialects.
Dialects of Ojibwemowin are spoken in Canada, from southwestern Quebec, through Ontario, Manitoba and parts of Saskatchewan, with outlying communities in Alberta;[10][11] and in the United States, from Michigan to Wisconsin and Minnesota, with a number of communities in North Dakota and Montana, as well as groups that were removed to Kansas and Oklahoma during the Indian Removal period.[11][12] While there is some variation in the classification of its dialects, at least the following are recognized, from east to west: Algonquin, Eastern Ojibwe, Ottawa (Odawa), Western Ojibwe (Saulteaux), Oji-Cree (Severn Ojibwe), Northwestern Ojibwe, and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa). Based upon contemporary field research, J. R. Valentine also recognizes several other dialects: Berens Ojibwe in northwestern Ontario, which he distinguishes from Northwestern Ojibwe; North of (Lake) Superior; and Nipissing. The latter two cover approximately the same territory as Central Ojibwa, which he does not recognize.[13]
The aggregated dialects of Ojibwemowin comprise the second most commonly spoken First Nations language in Canada (after Cree),[14] and the fourth most widely spoken in the United States or Canada behind Navajo, the Inuit languages and Cree.[15]
Ojibwemowin is a relatively healthy indigenous language. The Waadookodaading Ojibwe Language Immersion School in Hayward, Wisconsin, teaches all classes to children in Ojibwe only.[16] A similar program is also in place at Lowell Elementary School in Duluth, Minnesota.[17]
- ^ Ojibwa at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
Severn Ojibwa at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
Eastern Ojibwa at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
Central Ojibwa at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
Northwestern Ojibwa at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
Western Ojibwa at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
Chippewa at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box) - ^ Jelsing, Kaden Mark (2023). Sovereign Futures: Indigenous and Settler Prophecies in Two Nineteenth-Century American "Northwests" (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of British Columbia. p. 57.
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Ojibwa". Glottolog 4.3.
- ^ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: oji". ISO 639-2 Registration Authority – Library of Congress. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Name: Ojibwa
- ^ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: oji". ISO 639-3 Registration Authority – SIL International. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Name: Ojibwa
- ^ R. R. Bishop Baraga, 1878. A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language
- ^ Goddard, Ives, 1979.
- ^ Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958.
- ^ Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, p. 6.
- ^ a b Nichols, John, 1980, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Rhodes, Richard, and Evelyn Todd, 1981.
- ^ Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, p. 456.
- ^ "Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
- ^ "Census in Brief: The Aboriginal languages of First Nations people, Métis and Inuit". www12.statcan.gc.ca. October 25, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
- ^ "Waadookodading: Ojibwe Language Immersion School". theways.org.
- ^ "Misaabekong Ojibwe Immersion - Duluth Public Schools". www.isd709.org. Retrieved October 7, 2024.