Nicolás Maduro

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Maduro and the second or maternal family name is Moros.

His Excellency
Nicolás Maduro
Maduro in 2023
53rd President of Venezuela
Incumbent
Assumed office
19 April 2013[nb]
Vice President
See list
  • Himself
    (Mar–Apr 2013)
  • Jorge Arreaza
    (2013–2016)
  • Aristóbulo Istúriz
    (2016–2017)
  • Tareck El Aissami
    (2017–2018)
  • Delcy Rodríguez
    (2018–present)
Preceded byHugo Chávez
President of the United Socialist Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
5 March 2013
Vice PresidentDiosdado Cabello
Preceded byHugo Chávez
24th Vice President of Venezuela
In office
13 October 2012 – 19 April 2013
President
  • Hugo Chávez
  • Himself (acting)
Preceded byElías Jaua
Succeeded byJorge Arreaza
Other offices held
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
9 August 2006 – 13 October 2012
PresidentHugo Chávez
Preceded byAlí Rodríguez Araque
Succeeded byElías Jaua
3rd President of the National Assembly of Venezuela
In office
5 January 2005 – 7 August 2006
Preceded byFrancisco Ameliach
Succeeded byCilia Flores
Member of the National Assembly
In office
3 August 2000 – 7 August 2006
ConstituencyCapital District
Diplomatic posts
29th Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement
In office
17 September 2016 – 25 October 2019
Preceded byHassan Rouhani
Succeeded byIlham Aliyev
President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations
In office
23 April 2016 – 21 April 2017
Preceded byTabaré Vázquez
Succeeded byMauricio Macri
Personal details
Born
Nicolás Maduro Moros

(1962-11-23) 23 November 1962
Caracas,[a] Venezuela
Political partyPSUV (since 2007)
Other political
affiliations		MVR (until 2007)
Spouse(s)Adriana Guerra Angulo (div.)
Cilia Flores
​
(m. 2013)​
ChildrenNicolás Maduro Guerra
ResidenceMiraflores Palace
Occupation
  • Politician
Signature
n.b. ^ Acting: 5 March – 19 April 2013

Nicolás Maduro Moros[b] (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician and former union leader who has been serving as the 53rd president of Venezuela since 2013. A member of the United Socialist Party (PSUV), he previously served as the 24th vice president under President Hugo Chávez from 2012 to 2013 and was also the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2006 to 2012.

Beginning his working life as a bus driver, Maduro rose to become a trade union leader before being elected to the National Assembly in 2000. He was appointed to a number of positions under President Hugo Chávez,[1] serving as President of the National Assembly from 2005 to 2006, as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2006 to 2012 and as the vice president from 2012 to 2013 under Chávez. After Chávez's death was announced on 5 March 2013, Maduro assumed the presidency. A special presidential election was held on 14 April 2013, where Maduro was declared the winner with 50.62% of the vote as the United Socialist Party of Venezuela candidate. He has ruled Venezuela by decree since 2015 through powers granted to him by the ruling party legislature.[2][3]

Shortages in Venezuela and decreased living standards led to a wave of protests in 2014 that escalated into daily marches nationwide, repression of dissent and a decline in Maduro's popularity.[4][5][6] An opposition-led National Assembly was elected in 2015 and a movement toward recalling Maduro began in 2016, which was ultimately cancelled by Maduro's government; Maduro maintained power through the Supreme Tribunal, the National Electoral Council (CNE) and the military.[4][5][7] The Supreme Tribunal removed power from the elected National Assembly, resulting in a constitutional crisis and another wave of protests in 2017. As a response to the protests, Maduro called for a rewrite of the constitution, and the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela was elected in 2017 under voting conditions that many concluded were irregular.[8][9][10] On 20 May 2018, presidential elections were held;[c] President Maduro was sworn in on 10 January 2019 with widespread condemnation, and the president of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, was declared interim president on 23 January 2019 by the opposition legislative body—kicking off a presidential crisis that spanned nearly four years and divided the international community.[14][15][16][17][18] In 2024, he ran for a third term in an election which the Maduro-aligned National Electoral Council claimed he won[19]—without providing evidence—casting Venezuela into a political crisis.[20] The opposition gathered vote tallies that showed their candidate, Edmundo González, had won the most votes.[21] Maduro was sworn in for his third term on 10 January 2025.[22]

Maduro is widely considered a dictator, leading an authoritarian government characterized by electoral fraud, serious human rights abuses, rampant corruption, and severe economic hardship.[23][24][25] Between 2013 and 2023, Venezuela dropped 42 places in the Press Freedom Index.[26] According to estimations by the United Nations (UN) and Human Rights Watch, under Maduro's administration, more than 20,000 people have been subject to extrajudicial killings and seven million Venezuelans have been forced to flee the country.[27][28][29] The UN Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela concluded that the country's justice system independence has been deeply eroded; the mission also identified frequent due process violations, including political external interference and the admission of evidence through torture.[30][31][32] Most Venezuelan television channels are controlled by the state, and information unfavourable to the government is not covered completely.[33] In 2018, a Board of Independent Experts designated by the Organization of American States (OAS) alleged that crimes against humanity have been committed in Venezuela during Maduro's presidency.[34] In 2021, the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) announced the opening of an investigation regarding the situation in the country.[35]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ de Córdoba, José; Vyas, Kejal (9 December 2012). "Venezuela's Future in Balance". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  2. ^ Diaz-Struck, Emilia and Juan Forero (19 November 2013). "Venezuelan president Maduro given power to rule by decree". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015. Venezuela's legislature on Tuesday gave President Nicolás Maduro decree powers that he says are necessary for an 'economic offensive' against the spiraling inflation and food shortages buffeting the country's economy ahead of important municipal elections.
  3. ^ "Venezuela: President Maduro granted power to govern by decree". BBC News. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
    * Brodzinsky, Sibylla (15 January 2016). "Venezuela president declares economic emergency as inflation hits 141%". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
    * Worely, Will (18 March 2016). "Venezuela is going to shut down for a whole week because of an energy crisis". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  4. ^ a b Washington, Richard (22 June 2016). "'The Maduro approach' to Venezuelan crisis deemed unsustainable by analysts". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  5. ^ a b Lopez, Linette. "Why Venezuela is a nightmare right now". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  6. ^ Faria, Javier (25 February 2015). "Venezuelan teen dies after being shot at anti-Maduro protest". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
    * Usborne, David. "Dissent in Venezuela: Maduro regime looks on borrowed time as rising public anger meets political repression". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  7. ^ "A 2016 Presidential Recall Seems Less and Less Likely". Stratfor. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  8. ^ Sanchez, Fabiola and Joshua Goodman (15 April 2017). "Venezuela's top prosecutor Luisa Ortega Diaz rebukes Supreme Court power grab". The Globe and Mail. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  9. ^ Casey, Nicholas (2 August 2017). "Venezuela Reported False Election Turnout, Voting Company Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  10. ^ Brodzinsky, Sibylla and Daniel Boffey (2 August 2019). "40 countries protest Venezuela's new assembly amid fraud accusations". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  11. ^ "Venezuela opposition weighs election run". BBC News. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  12. ^ "CNE: El 22 de abril se realizarán las presidenciales". Globovision (in Spanish). 7 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  13. ^ Redacción, Voz de América - (1 March 2018). "Postergan elecciones en Venezuela hasta mayo". Voice of America (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference ZerpaHuyo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ "Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents?". CNBC. Reuters. 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  18. ^ "Maduro faces off with U.S. over Venezuela rival's power claim". PBS. 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  19. ^ Gálvan, Astrid (29 July 2024). "Venezuela's Maduro and opposition both claim election win". Axios.
  20. ^ Gibbs, Stephen (8 September 2024). "Venezuelan opposition leader Edmundo González flees to Spain". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  21. ^ "Venezuela: Opposition candidate arrives in Spain after fleeing country". www.bbc.com. 8 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  22. ^ "Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro sworn in for third presidential term". www.cnn.com. 10 January 2025. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  23. ^ Applebaum, Anne (December 2021). "The Autocrats Are Winning," Archived 15 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Atlantic, pp. 48–49. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference DITboliburg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Turkewitz, Julie (10 January 2025). "Venezuela's Autocrat, Accused of Stealing Election, Seizes Third Term". New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  26. ^ "RSF 2013". rsf.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  27. ^ Venezuela Events of 2022. Archived 3 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch. 2022.
  28. ^ "Venezuelan 'death squads' killed thousands and covered it up, UN says". The Independent. 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  29. ^ "Venezuela situation". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Venezuela's justice system aiding repression: Human rights probe". United Nations News. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  31. ^ "Venezuela judicial independence deeply eroded: UN rights experts". Jurist.org. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  32. ^ Banwait, Harjyot (19 September 2021). "Venezuela's Justice System Perpetuating Human Rights Abuses". The Organization for World Peace. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  33. ^ Nugent, Clara (16 April 2019). "Inside the Battle to Get News to Venezuelans". Time. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference :17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ "Venezuela faces landmark ICC investigation over alleged crimes against humanity". The Guardian. Associated Press. 4 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
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