Network interface controller

Network interface controller
	A 1990s Ethernet network interface card that connects to the motherboard via the now-obsolete ISA bus. This combination card features both a BNC connector (left) for use in (now obsolete) 10BASE2 networks and an 8P8C connector (right) for use in 10BASE-T networks.
Connects to	Motherboard via one of: integrated in chipset or SoC; discrete onboard; PCI Connector; ISA Connector; PCIe (including Mini PCIe and M.2); FireWire; USB; Thunderbolt; Network via one of: Ethernet; Wi-Fi; Fibre Channel; ATM; FDDI; Token Ring; ARCNET;
Speeds	Full-duplex or half-duplex:; 10 Mbit/s; 100 Mbit/s; 1 Gbit/s; ; Full-duplex:; 2.5 Gbit/s; 5 Gbit/s; 10 Gbit/s; up to 160 Gbit/s; ;
Common manufacturers	Intel; Realtek; Broadcom (includes former Avago, Emulex); Marvell Technology Group; Cavium (formerly QLogic); Mellanox; Chelsio;

A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card,^[3] network adapter, LAN adapter and physical network interface^[4]) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.^[5]

Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard, or is contained into a USB-connected dongle, although network cards remain available.

Modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as interrupt and DMA interfaces to the host processors, support for multiple receive and transmit queues, partitioning into multiple logical interfaces, and on-controller network traffic processing such as the TCP offload engine.

^ "Port speed and duplex mode configuration". docs.ruckuswireless.com. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
^ Admin, Arista (2020-04-23). "Section 11.2: Ethernet Standards - Arista". Arista Networks. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
^ Cite error: The named reference Dell was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Physical Network Interface". Microsoft. January 7, 2009.
^ Posey, Brien M. (2006). "Networking Basics: Part 1 - Networking Hardware". Windowsnetworking.com. TechGenix Ltd. Retrieved 2012-06-09.

[1] "Port speed and duplex mode configuration". docs.ruckuswireless.com. Retrieved 2020-09-25.

[2] Admin, Arista (2020-04-23). "Section 11.2: Ethernet Standards - Arista". Arista Networks. Retrieved 2020-09-28.

[Dell-3] Cite error: The named reference Dell was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[4] "Physical Network Interface". Microsoft. January 7, 2009.

[networking_01-5] Posey, Brien M. (2006). "Networking Basics: Part 1 - Networking Hardware". Windowsnetworking.com. TechGenix Ltd. Retrieved 2012-06-09.

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