Mumtaz Mahal

Mumtaz Mahal
Empress consort of the Mughal Empire
Portrait of Mumtaz Mahal on ivory, 17th‑century, held at the Lahore Museum in Lahore, Pakistan
Padshah Begum
Reign19 January 1628 – 17 June 1631
PredecessorNur Jahan
SuccessorJahanara Begum
BornArjumand Banu Begum
27 April 1593
Agra, Mughal Empire
Died17 June 1631(1631-06-17) (aged 38)
Burhanpur, Mughal Empire
Burial
Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Spouse
​
(m. 1612)​
Issue
among others...
  • Hur-ul-Nisa Begum
  • Jahanara Begum
  • Dara Shikoh
  • Shah Shuja
  • Roshanara Begum
  • Aurangzeb
  • Murad Bakhsh
  • Gauhar Ara Begum
HouseTimurid (by marriage)
FatherAbu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan
MotherDiwanji Begum
ReligionShia Islam[1][2][3][4][5]
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Mumtaz Mahal (Persian pronunciation: [mum.ˈtɑːz ma.ˈhal]; lit. 'The Exalted One of the Palace'; born Arjumand Banu Begum; 27 April 1593 – 17 June 1631)[6] was the empress consort of Mughal Empire from 1628 to 1631 as the chief consort of the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan.[7] The Taj Mahal in Agra, often cited as one of the Wonders of the World,[8] was commissioned by her husband to act as her tomb.[9]

Mumtaz Mahal was born Arjumand Banu Begum in Agra to a family of Persian nobility. She was the daughter of Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, a wealthy Persian noble who held high office in the Mughal Empire, and the niece of Empress Nur Jahan, the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir and the power behind the emperor.[10] Arjumand Banu was married at the age of 19 on 10 May 1612 or 16 June 1612 to Prince Khurram,[11][12] later known by his regnal name Shah Jahan, who conferred upon her the title "Mumtaz Mahal" lit. 'The Exalted One of the Palace'.[13] Although betrothed to Shah Jahan since 1607,[14] she ultimately became his second wife in 1612.[15][16] Mumtaz and her husband had 14 children, including Jahanara Begum (Shah Jahan's favorite daughter),[17] and the Crown prince Dara Shikoh, the heir-apparent,[18] anointed by his father, who temporarily succeeded him until deposed by Mumtaz Mahal's sixth child, Aurangzeb, who ultimately succeeded his father as the sixth Mughal emperor in 1658.[19]

Mumtaz Mahal died in 1631 in Burhanpur, Deccan (present-day Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of her 14th child, a daughter named Gauhar Ara Begum.[20] Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a tomb for her, which is considered to be a monument of undying love. As with other Mughal royal ladies, no contemporary likenesses of her are accepted, but imagined portraits were created from the 19th century onwards.

  1. ^ "The Cause of The Taj:: Mumtaz Mahal". Taj Mahal Official Website. Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023. She was religiously a Shi'a Muslim.
  2. ^ Khan, Hamza. "Now, Shias assert claim to Taj Mahal". The Indian Express. Lucknow. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  3. ^ Srivastava, Piyush (27 November 2014). "Battle for Taj Mahal continues between Shia and Sunni sect leaders". India Today. Lucknow. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  4. ^ Shaikh, Ayesha (24 November 2014). "Who is the rightful claimant to Taj Mahal?". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  5. ^ DHNS (24 November 2014). "After Sunnis, now Shias too claim Taj Mahal". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  6. ^ Pickthall, Marmaduke William; Asad, Muhammad (1 January 1975). "Islamic Culture". 49. Islamic Culture Board: 196. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Lach, Donald F.; Kley, Edwin J. Van (1998). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia. University of Chicago Press. p. 689. ISBN 9780226466972.
  8. ^ Tillotson, Giles (2008). Taj Mahal. London: Profile Books. p. 11. ISBN 9781847652478.
  9. ^ Phillips, Rhonda; Roberts, Sherma, eds. (2013). Tourism, Planning, and Community Development Community Development – Current Issues Series. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 9781135711887.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Thackeray was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Khan, Inayat (1990). The Shahjahannama. Translated by Fuller, A. R. Oxford Library Press. p. 6.
  12. ^ Emperor, Jahangir (1999). Jahangirnama. Translated by Thackston, W. M. Washington D. C; New York: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780195127188.
  13. ^ Ahmed, Akbar S. (2009). Islam Today a Short Introduction to the Muslim World. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 94. ISBN 9780857713803.
  14. ^ Tillotson 2012, p. 20.
  15. ^ Tillotson 2012, p. 3.
  16. ^ Tillotson 2012, p. 27.
  17. ^ Richards, J.F. (1995). Mughal empire (Transferred to digital print. ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780521566032.
  18. ^ Balabanlilar, Lisa (2015). Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia. I.B.Tauris. p. 131. ISBN 9780857732460.
  19. ^ Esposito, John L. (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780199757268. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  20. ^ Kumar, Anant (January–June 2014). "Monument of Love or Symbol of Maternal Death: The Story Behind the Taj Mahal". Case Reports in Women's Health. 1. Elsevier: 4–7. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2014.07.001. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
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