Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA or mtDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus, and, in plants and algae, the DNA also is found in plastids, such as chloroplasts.[3] Mitochondrial DNA is responsible for coding of 13 essential subunits of the complex oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system which has a role in cellular energy conversion.[4]

Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced.[5] This sequencing revealed that human mtDNA has 16,569 base pairs and encodes 13 proteins. As in other vertebrates, the human mitochondrial genetic code differs slightly from nuclear DNA.[6]

Since animal mtDNA evolves faster than nuclear genetic markers,[7][8][9] it represents a mainstay of phylogenetics and evolutionary biology. It also permits tracing the relationships of populations, and so has become important in anthropology and biogeography.

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  6. ^ Chinnery, Patrick Francis; Hudson, Gavin (June 2013). "Mitochondrial genetics". British Medical Bulletin. 106 (1): 135–159. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldt017. ISSN 0007-1420. PMC 3675899. PMID 23704099.
  7. ^ Boursot P, Bonhomme F (1 January 1986). "Génétique et évolution du génome mitochondrial des Métazoaires". Génétique, Sélection, Évolution. 18 (1): 73–98. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-18-1-73. PMC 2713894. PMID 22879234.
  8. ^ Delsuc F, Stanhope MJ, Douzery EJ (August 2003). "Molecular systematics of armadillos (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): contribution of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (2): 261–275. Bibcode:2003MolPE..28..261D. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00111-8. PMID 12878463. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  9. ^ Hassanin A, An J, Ropiquet A, Nguyen TT, Couloux A (March 2013). "Combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of Laurasiatherian mammals: Application to the tribe Bovini (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 766–775. Bibcode:2013MolPE..66..766H. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.003. PMID 23159894.
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