Meteor shower

A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.^[1] The Meteor Data Centre lists over 900 suspected meteor showers of which about 100 are well established.^[2] Several organizations point to viewing opportunities on the Internet.^[3] NASA maintains a daily map of active meteor showers.^[4]

Historically, meteor showers were regarded as an atmospheric phenomenon. In 1794, Ernst Chladni proposed that meteors originated in outer space. The Great Meteor Storm of 1833 led Denison Olmsted to show it arrived as a cloud of space dust, with the streaks forming a radiant point in the direction of the constellation of Leo. In 1866, Giovanni Schiaparelli proposed that meteors came from comets when he showed that the Leonid meteor shower shared the same orbit as the Comet Tempel. Astronomers learned to compute the orbits of these clouds of cometary dust, including how they are perturbed by planetary gravity. Fred Whipple in 1951 proposed that comets are "dirty snowballs" that shed meteoritic debris as their volatiles are ablated by solar energy in the inner Solar System.