Métis

Métis
Michif
Population distribution of self-identified Métis Canadians by census division, 2021 census
Total population
624,220[1] (2021)
Canada624,220[1]
United StatesUnknown
Languages
Michif, Cree, Métis French, North American English, Hand Talk, Bungee, other Indigenous languages
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism)
Métis
"person of mixed parentage"
PeopleMétis
Language
  • Michif
  • Métis French
  • Hand Talk
CountryMichif Piyii

The Métis (/mɛˈtiː(s)/ meh-TEE(SS); French: [metis], Canadian French: [meˈt͡sɪs], Michif: [mɪˈt͡ʃɪf]) are a mixed-race Indigenous people whose historical homelands include Canada's three Prairie Provinces extending into parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the northwest United States.[2][3][4][5] They have a shared history and culture, deriving from specific mixed European (primarily French, Scottish, and English) and Indigenous ancestry (primarily Cree with strong kinship to Cree people and communities), which became distinct through ethnogenesis by the mid-18th century,[6] during the early years of the North American fur trade.[7]

In Canada, the Métis, with a population of 624,220 as of 2021,[1] are one of three legally recognized Indigenous peoples in the Constitution Act, 1982, along with the First Nations and Inuit.[8]

The term Métis (uppercase 'M') typically refers to the specific community of people defined as the Métis Nation, which originated largely in the Red River Valley and organized politically in the 19th century, radiating outwards from the Red River Settlement (now Winnipeg). Descendants of this community are known as the Red River Métis.[9][10][11] In 1870, the Métis Provisional Government of Louis Riel negotiated the entry of the Red River Settlement into Confederation as the Province of Manitoba, making Manitoba the only province to be founded by an Indigenous person.[5]

Alberta is the only Canadian province with a recognized Métis land base: the eight Métis settlements, with a population of approximately 5,000 people on 1.25 million acres (5,100 km2)[12] and the newer Metis lands near Fort McKay, purchased from the Government of Alberta in 2017.[13]

  1. ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-09-21). "Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  2. ^ Kermoal, N.; Andersen, C. (2021). Daniels v. Canada: In and Beyond the Courts. University of Manitoba Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-88755-931-0. Retrieved Dec 3, 2022. Its historic homeland includes large parts of what are now known as the Prairie provinces, extending into parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the northwest United States
  3. ^ "Métis Homeland". Rupertsland Institute. Retrieved 2021-07-24. Métis villages sprang up along the riverways from the Great Lakes to the Mackenzie Delta. The Rupert's Land territory included all or parts of present-day Northwest-Nunavut Territory, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, and became known to the Métis as the "Métis Homeland."
  4. ^ Andersen, C. (2014). Métis: Race, Recognition, and the Struggle for Indigenous Peoplehood. UBC Press – Rupertsland Centre for Métis Research in the Faculty of Native Studies at the University of Alberta. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7748-2723-2. The MNC's narrative traces the geographical boundaries of what it terms the "Métis Homeland" to the historical waterways from northern Ontario to British Columbia and from the Northwest Territories to the northern United States.
  5. ^ a b "Métis National Council". www.metisnation.ca. Archived from the original on 2024-06-23. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  6. ^ Préfontaine, Darren R. "Métis History". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. University of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  7. ^ Rea & Scott 2017
  8. ^ "Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census". StatCan. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  9. ^ Gaudry, Adam; Welch, Mary Agnes; Gallant, David (2020) [2009]. "Métis". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference CBC-2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Identity Forum was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ "Métis Relations". alberta.ca. Province of Alberta. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Small northern Alberta community gets bigger with historic land purchase | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
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