Libyan civil war (2014–2020)

This article is about the conflict from 2014 to 2020. For the 8-month civil war in 2011, see Libyan civil war (2011).

Second Libyan Civil War
Part of the Arab Winter, the Libyan Crisis, the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, the War on terror, and the Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict, War against the Islamic State and the Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)

Military situation in Libya on 11 June 2020
  Under the control of the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army (LNA)
  Under the control of the Government of National Accord (GNA) and different militias forming the Libya Shield Force
  Controlled by local forces
(For a more detailed map, see military situation in the Libyan Civil War)
Date16 May 2014 – 23 October 2020
(6 years, 5 months and 1 week)
Location
Libya
Result

Ceasefire

  • Permanent ceasefire ratified on 23 October 2020
  • LNA failed to conquer Tripoli
  • Government of National Unity formed on 10 March 2021[110]
  • Continued Libyan Crisis
Main belligerents

House of Representatives (Tobruk-based)[1][2]

  • Libyan National Army[3][4]
  •  Libyan Air Force
    (LNA–aligned)
  •  Libyan Navy
    (LNA–aligned)
Others:
  • Zintan brigades[5]
  • JEM[6] (from 2016)
  • SLM/A-Minnawi[7][8]
  • Gaddafi loyalists[9]
    • Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya
    • Warshefana militias
      [5][10][11]

Wagner Group
(from 2018)
[12][13][14][15][16]
Egypt[17][18][19]
United Arab Emirates[17][20][21][22]
RSF[23] (from 2019)
Ba'athist Syria
(2020)[24][25][26]
Hezbollah (allegedly)[27][28]
Israel
(allegedly, denied by LNA)[29][30][31][32][33]
Iran[34]

Support:

Government of National Accord (Tripoli-based) (from 2016)

  •  Libyan Ground Forces
  •  Libyan Air Force
    (GNA–aligned)
  •  Libyan Navy[53]
    (GNA–aligned)
Others:
  • Presidential Guard[54]
  • Misrata Brigades[55]
  • Sabratha Revolutionary Brigades[56]
  • Petroleum Facilities Guard[57]
  • Tripoli Protection Force (from 2018)
  • Misratan Third Force[58]
  • Tuareg militias of Ghat[59]
  • Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya[59]
  • Chadian rebels (FACT,[60] CCMSR,[60] URF[61] and UFDD[61])

Turkey (2020)[62][63][64]
Syrian National Army (from 2019)[65]
Popular Resistance Committees[66][67]
Hamas (LNA claim, denied by Hamas)[68]

Support:

National Salvation Government
(2014–2017)[84][85]

Support:

Islamic State
(from 2014)[94]

Support:

Al-Qaeda

  • Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb[101]
  • Al-Mourabitoun (2015-2018)[102]
Shura Council of
Benghazi Revolutionaries
(2014–2017)[103][104]
SCBR
militia:
  • Ansar al-Sharia
    (2014–2017)[105]
  • Libya Shield 1
    (2014–16)
  • Rafallah al-Sahati Brigade
  • February 17th Martyrs Brigade
Others:
  • Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna (until 2018)[106]
  • Benghazi Defense Brigades (2016)[107][108]
  • Ajdabiya Revolutionaries Shura Council (2015–16)[109]
  • Derna Protection Force (2018-2019)
Commanders and leaders
Aguila Saleh Issa
(President of House of Representatives)
Abdullah al-Thani
(Prime Minister)[111]
Khalifa Haftar
(High Commander of the LNA)
Abdulrazek al-Nadoori (Chief of the General Staff of the LNA)
Wanis Abu Khamada
(Commander of Libyan Special Forces)
Almabrook Suhban
(Chief of Staff of the Libyan Ground Forces)
Saqr Geroushi
(Chief of Staff of the Libyan Air Force) (LNA-aligned)
Faraj al-Mahdawi
(Chief of Staff of the Libyan Navy) (LNA-aligned)
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
(Candidate for President of Libya)
Tayeb El-Safi
(leader of Libyan Popular National Movement)

Fayez al-Sarraj
(Chairman of the Presidential Council and Prime Minister)
Fathi Bashagha
(Minister of Interior)
Salah Eddine al-Namrush
(Minister of Defence)
Mohammad Ali al-Haddad
(Chief of the General Staff of the Libyan Army)
Abdul Hakim Abu Hawliyeh (Chief of the Libyan Navy) (GNA-aligned)
Rida Issa (Commander of Libyan Navy) (GNA-aligned)
Osama Juwaili
(Commander of the Western Military Zone)
Abubaker Marwan
(Commander of Tripoli Military Zone)
Mohamed Elhadad
(Commander of the Central Military Zone)
Ali Kanna
(Commander of the Southern Military Zone)

Nouri Abusahmain (2014–16)
(President of the GNC)
Khalifa al-Ghawil (2015–2017)
(Prime Minister)[112]
Sadiq Al-Ghariani
(Grand Mufti)

Abu Nabil al-Anbari † (Top ISIL leader in Libya)[113][114]
Abu Hudhayfah al-Muhajir[115]
(ISIL governor of Wilayat Tripolitania)

Abu Khalid al Madani †
(Ansar al-Sharia Leader)[116]
Mokhtar Belmokhtar
(Commander of Al-Mourabitoun, believed dead)[117]
Musa Abu Dawud † (AQIM southern Zone commander)[101]

Mohamed al-Zahawi †[118]
(Former Ansar al-Sharia Leader)
Ateyah Al-Shaari DMSC / DPF leader
Wissam Ben Hamid †[119]
(Libya Shield 1 Commander)
Salim Derby †
(Commander of Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade)[120]
Casualties and losses
14,882+ killed (2014–2018, 2019–2020, incomplete)[121][122][123][124][125]

The Libyan Civil War (2014–2020), also known as the Second Libyan Civil War, was a multilateral civil war which was fought in Libya among a number of armed groups, but mainly the House of Representatives (HoR) and the Government of National Accord (GNA), for six years from 2014 to 2020.[126]

The General National Congress (GNC), based in western Libya and backed by various militias with some support from Qatar and Turkey,[127][128][129][130] initially accepted the results of the 2014 election, but rejected them after the Supreme Constitutional Court nullified an amendment regarding the roadmap for Libya's transition and HoR elections.[13] The House of Representatives (or Council of Deputies) is in control of eastern and central Libya and has the loyalty of the Libyan National Army (LNA), and has been supported by airstrikes by Egypt and the UAE.[127] Due to controversy about constitutional amendments, HoR refused to take office from GNC in Tripoli,[131] which was controlled by armed Islamist groups from Misrata. Instead, HoR established its parliament in Tobruk, which is controlled by General Haftar's forces. In December 2015, the Libyan Political Agreement[132] was signed after talks in Skhirat, as the result of protracted negotiations between rival political camps based in Tripoli, Tobruk, and elsewhere which agreed to unite as the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA). On 30 March 2016, Fayez Sarraj, the head of GNA, arrived in Tripoli and began working from there despite opposition from GNC.[133]

In addition to those three factions, there are: the Islamist Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries, led by Ansar al-Sharia, which had the support of the GNC and was defeated in Benghazi in 2017;[134][135][136] the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant's (ISIL's) Libyan provinces;[137] the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna which expelled ISIL from Derna in July 2015 and was later itself defeated in Derna by the Tobruk government in 2018;[138] as well as other armed groups and militias whose allegiances often change.[127]

In May 2016, GNA and GNC launched a joint offensive to capture areas in and around Sirte from ISIL. This offensive resulted in ISIL losing control of all significant territories previously held in Libya.[139][140] Later in 2016, forces loyal to Khalifa al-Ghawil attempted a coup d'état against Fayez al-Sarraj and the Presidential Council of GNA.[141]

On 4 April 2019, Khalifa Haftar, the commander of the Libyan National Army, called on his military forces to advance on Tripoli, the capital of the GNA, in the 2019–20 Western Libya campaign[142] This was met with reproach from United Nations Secretary General António Guterres and the United Nations Security Council.[143][144]

On 23 October 2020, the 5+5 Joint Libyan Military Commission representing the LNA and the GNA reached a "permanent ceasefire agreement in all areas of Libya". The agreement, effective immediately, required that all foreign fighters leave Libya within three months while a joint police force would patrol disputed areas. The first commercial flight between Tripoli and Benghazi took place that same day.[145][146] On 10 March 2021, an interim unity government was formed, which was slated to remain in place until the next Libyan presidential election scheduled for 24 December that year.[110] However, the election has been delayed several times[147][148][149] since, effectively rendering the unity government in power indefinitely, causing tensions which threaten to reignite the war.[66][67][34][27][28]

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