Kingdom of Gwynedd
Kingdom of Gwynedd Teyrnas Gwynedd (Welsh) | |||||||||
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| c. 500–1283 | |||||||||
Arms of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, Dafydd ap Llywelyn, and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd[1] | |||||||||
Medieval kingdoms of Wales | |||||||||
| Capital | None, with courts in each commote[2] | ||||||||
| Common languages |
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| Religion | Christianity | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• c. 5th century | Cunedda | ||||||||
• c. 520 – 547 | Maelgwn Gwynedd | ||||||||
• c. 625–634 | Cadwallon ap Cadfan | ||||||||
• 844 – 878 | Rhodri Mawr | ||||||||
• 1081 – 1137 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | ||||||||
• 1137 – 1170 | Owain Gwynedd | ||||||||
• 1199 – 1240 | Llywelyn ab Iorwerth | ||||||||
• 1253 – 1282 | Llywelyn ap Gruffudd | ||||||||
• 1282 – 1283 | Dafydd ap Gruffudd | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• First attestation | c. 500 | ||||||||
• Death of Dafydd ap Gruffudd | 3 October 1283 | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• c. 1271 | 200,000[3] | ||||||||
| Currency |
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| Today part of | |||||||||
^ In Latin, Gwynedd was often referred to in official medieval charters and acts of the 13th century as Principatus Norwallia (Principality of North Wales). | |||||||||
| History of Wales |
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The Kingdom of Gwynedd (Medieval Latin: Venedotia / Norwallia / Guenedota; Middle Welsh: Guynet)[1][5] was an important Welsh kingdom which first appears at the turn of the sixth century.[6]
Based in northwest Wales, the rulers of Gwynedd repeatedly rose to dominance and were acclaimed as "King of the Britons" before losing their power in civil wars or invasions.[7] The kingdom of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn—the King of Wales from 1055 to 1063—was shattered by a Saxon invasion in 1063 just prior to the Norman invasion of Wales, but the House of Aberffraw restored by Gruffudd ap Cynan slowly recovered and Llywelyn the Great of Gwynedd was able to proclaim the Principality of Wales at the Aberdyfi gathering of Welsh princes in 1216.[8][9][10] In 1277, the Treaty of Aberconwy between Edward I of England and Llywelyn's grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffudd granted peace between the two but would also guarantee that Welsh self-rule would end upon Llywelyn's death, and so it represented the completion of the first stage of the conquest of Wales by Edward I.[11][a]
Welsh tradition credited the founding of Gwynedd to the Brittonic polity of Gododdin (Old Welsh Guotodin, earlier Brittonic form Votadini) from Lothian invading the lands of the Brittonic polities of the Deceangli, Ordovices, and Gangani in the 5th century.[12] The sons of their leader, Cunedda, were said to have possessed the land between the rivers Dee and Teifi.[13] The true borders of the realm varied over time, but Gwynedd proper was generally thought to comprise the cantrefs of Aberffraw, Cemais, and Cantref Rhosyr on Anglesey and Arllechwedd, Arfon, Dunoding, Dyffryn Clwyd, Llŷn, Rhos, Rhufoniog, and Tegeingl at the mountainous mainland region of Snowdonia opposite.[14]
- ^ Siddons 1991, p. 282
- ^ Johnstone 2000
- ^ Davies 1994, p. 151.
- ^ Wade-Evans, Arthur. Welsh Medieval Law. Oxford University, 1909. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ Lewis, Timothy (1913). "A glossary of mediaeval Welsh law, based upon the Black book of Chirk". Manchester University Press.
- ^ "The lost kingdoms of Wales". walesonline.co.uk. 5 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ Maund 2006.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Cynanwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Iorwerthwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Gruffudd_abwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Pierre Chaplais; Michael Jones; Malcolm Vale (1 January 1989). England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais. A&C Black. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-85285-014-2.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Foundationwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K. (29 January 2013). "Harley MS 3859". kmatthews.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Harleian genealogies
- ^ "Cantrefs and Commotes of Wales". maryjones.us. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
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