Internet exchange point

Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

  • 1960–1962: J. C. R. Licklider networking ideas
  • 1960–1964: RAND networking concepts developed
  • 1962–1964: ARPA networking ideas
  • 1965 (1965): NPL network concepts conceived
  • 1966 (1966): Merit Network founded
  • 1967 (1967): ARPANET planning begins
  • 1967 (1967): Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
  • 1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets
  • 1970 (1970): Network Information Center (NIC)
  • 1971 (1971): Tymnet switched-circuit network
  • 1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
  • 1972 (1972): Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
  • 1973 (1973): CYCLADES network demonstrated
  • 1973 (1973): PARC Universal Packet development begins
  • 1974 (1974): Transmission Control Program specification published
  • 1975 (1975): Telenet commercial packet-switched network
  • 1976 (1976): X.25 protocol approved and deployed on public data networks
  • 1978 (1978): Minitel introduced
  • 1979 (1979): Internet Activities Board (IAB)
  • 1980 (1980): USENET news using UUCP
  • 1980 (1980): Ethernet standard introduced
  • 1981 (1981): BITNET established

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

  • 1981 (1981): Computer Science Network (CSNET)
  • 1982 (1982): TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
  • 1982 (1982): Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
  • 1983 (1983): Domain Name System (DNS)
  • 1983 (1983): MILNET split off from ARPANET
  • 1984 (1984): OSI Reference Model released
  • 1985 (1985): First .COM domain name registered
  • 1986 (1986): NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links
  • 1986 (1986): Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
  • 1987 (1987): UUNET founded
  • 1988 (1988): NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
  • 1988 (1988): Morris worm
  • 1988 (1988): Complete Internet protocol suite
  • 1989 (1989): Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
  • 1989 (1989): PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic
  • 1989 (1989): Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)
  • 1990 (1990): GOSIP (without TCP/IP)
  • 1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned
  • 1990 (1990): Advanced Network and Services (ANS)
  • 1990 (1990): UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic
  • 1990 (1990): Archie search engine
  • 1991 (1991): Wide area information server (WAIS)
  • 1991 (1991): Gopher
  • 1991 (1991): Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
  • 1991 (1991): ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic
  • 1991 (1991): World Wide Web (WWW)
  • 1992 (1992): NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
  • 1992 (1992): Internet Society (ISOC) established
  • 1993 (1993): Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
  • 1993 (1993): InterNIC established
  • 1993 (1993): AOL added USENET access
  • 1993 (1993): Mosaic web browser released
  • 1994 (1994): Full text web search engines
  • 1994 (1994): North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) established

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

  • 1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs
  • 1995 (1995): NSFNET decommissioned
  • 1995 (1995): GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP
  • 1995 (1995): very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
  • 1995 (1995): IPv6 proposed
  • 1996 (1996): AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly
  • 1998 (1998): Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
  • 1999 (1999): IEEE 802.11b wireless networking
  • 1999 (1999): Internet2/Abilene Network
  • 1999 (1999): vBNS+ allows broader access
  • 2000 (2000): Dot-com bubble bursts
  • 2001 (2001): New top-level domain names activated
  • 2001 (2001): Code Red I, Code Red II, and Nimda worms
  • 2003 (2003): UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I

Examples of Internet services:

Internet exchange points (IXes or IXPs) are common grounds of IP networking, allowing participant Internet service providers (ISPs) to exchange data destined for their respective networks.[1] IXPs are generally located at places with preexisting connections to multiple distinct networks, i.e., datacenters, and operate physical infrastructure (switches) to connect their participants. Organizationally, most IXPs are each independent not-for-profit associations of their constituent participating networks (that is, the set of ISPs that participate in that IXP). The primary alternative to IXPs is private peering, where ISPs and large customers directly connect their networks.

IXPs reduce the portion of an ISP's traffic that must be delivered via their upstream transit providers, thereby reducing the average per-bit delivery cost of their service. Furthermore, the increased number of paths available through the IXP improves routing efficiency (by allowing routers to select shorter paths) and fault-tolerance. IXPs exhibit the characteristics of the network effect.[2]

  1. ^ "The Art of Peering - The IX Playbook". Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  2. ^ "Internet Service Providers and Peering v3.0". Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
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