Immunotherapy

This article is about immunotherapy in general. For the specific use in oncology, see Cancer immunotherapy. For the academic journal, see Immunotherapy (journal).

Immunotherapy
The diagram above represents the process of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR), this is a method of immunotherapy, which is a growing practice in the treatment of cancer. The final result should be a production of equipped T-cells that can recognize and fight the infected cancer cells in the body.
  1. T-cells (represented by objects labeled as 't') are removed from the patient's blood.
  2. Then in a lab setting the gene that encodes for the specific antigen receptors are incorporated into the T-cells.
  3. Thus producing the CAR receptors (labeled as c) on the surface of the cells.
  4. The newly modified T-cells are then further harvested and grown in the lab.
  5. After a certain time period, the engineered T-cells are infused back into the patient.
MeSHD007167
OPS-301 code8-03

Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy or biotherapy, encompasses a diverse set of therapeutic strategies that harness or modify the immune system to prevent, control, or eliminate disease. In its narrowest definition, immunotherapy refers to treatments designed to stimulate or guide the immune system to recognize and fight cancer, often by enhancing or restoring immune responses to eradicate malignant cells while sparing healthy tissue.[1][2][3]

A broader definition of immunotherapy applies beyond oncology, including strategies to stimulate or suppress immune activity against other diseases such as autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and allergies. These approaches may involve vaccines, immune modulators, or monoclonal antibodies designed to alter immune responses, either to boost protection against pathogens or to reduce damaging inflammation.[4][5]

Immunotherapy includes both passive methods, like monoclonal antibodies that mark abnormal cells for immune destruction, and active methods, such as cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer, and cytokine therapies. Advances in immunotherapy have transformed the treatment landscape for cancer and are increasingly applied to a wider range of conditions, improving outcomes for many patients, though responses can vary depending on disease type, genetic background, and environmental factors.[3][2][6][7][8]

Cell-based immunotherapies are effective for some cancers.[9][10] Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 relies mostly on an immunomodulatory T-cell response.[11]

Therapies such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferons, imiquimod and cellular membrane fractions from bacteria are licensed for medical use. Others including IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, various chemokines, synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides and glucans are involved in clinical and preclinical studies.

  1. ^ "What Is Immunotherapy?". American Cancer Society.
  2. ^ a b "Immunotherapy for Cancer". National Cancer Institute (NCI). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 29 April 2015.
  3. ^ a b "What Is Immunotherapy?". Cancer Research Institute.
  4. ^ "Diseases We Treat With Immunotherapy". Moffitt Cancer Center.
  5. ^ "Definition: Immunotherapy". National Cancer Institute. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2 February 2011.
  6. ^ Spranger S, Sivan A, Corrales L, Gajewski TF (2016). "Tumor and Host Factors Controlling Antitumor Immunity and Efficacy of Cancer Immunotherapy". Tumor Immunology. Advances in Immunology. Vol. 130. pp. 75–93. doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2015.12.003. ISBN 978-0-12-805156-6. PMC 4864964. PMID 26923000.
  7. ^ Gunjur A, Manrique-Rincón AJ, Klein O, Behren A, Lawley TD, Welsh SJ, et al. (July 2022). "'Know thyself' - host factors influencing cancer response to immune checkpoint inhibitors". The Journal of Pathology. 257 (4): 513–525. doi:10.1002/path.5907. PMC 9320825. PMID 35394069.
  8. ^ Baci D, Cekani E, Imperatori A, Ribatti D, Mortara L (2022). "Host-Related Factors as Targetable Drivers of Immunotherapy Response in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients". Frontiers in Immunology. 13 914890. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.914890. PMC 9298844. PMID 35874749.
  9. ^ Riley RS, June CH, Langer R, Mitchell MJ (March 2019). "Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 18 (3): 175–196. doi:10.1038/s41573-018-0006-z. PMC 6410566. PMID 30622344.
  10. ^ Li Y, McBride DW, Tang Y, Doycheva D, Zhang JH, Tang Z (September 2023). "Immunotherapy as a treatment for Stroke: Utilizing regulatory T cells". Brain Hemorrhages. 4 (3): 147–153. doi:10.1016/j.hest.2023.02.003.
  11. ^ Geers D, Shamier MC, Bogers S, den Hartog G, Gommers L, Nieuwkoop NN, et al. (May 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees". Science Immunology. 6 (59): eabj1750. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1750. PMC 9268159. PMID 34035118.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
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