Hirak (Algeria)
| 2019–2021 Algerian protests | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Protesters on 22 February 2019 in Oran | |||
| Date | (2 months, 1 week and 5 days) | ||
| Location | |||
| Caused by |
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| Goals |
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| Methods |
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| Resulted in |
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| Parties | |||
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| Lead figures | |||
Non-centralized leadership Government leaders: | |||
| Casualties | |||
| Injuries | 183 (112 police officers)[22] | ||
| Arrested | +1,200[23][24][22][25] | ||
| History of Algeria |
|---|
The 2019–2021 Algerian protests, also called Revolution of Smiles[26][27] or Hirak (Arabic: الحِرَاك, romanized: al-Ḥirāk, lit. 'The movement'[28]), began on 16 February 2019,[1][29] six days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement. These protests, without precedent since the Algerian Civil War, were peaceful and led the military to insist on Bouteflika's immediate resignation, which took place on 2 April 2019.[30] By early May, a significant number of power-brokers close to the deposed administration, including the former president's younger brother Saïd, had been arrested.[31][32]
The rising tensions within the Algerian regime can be traced back to the beginning of Bouteflika's rule which has been characterized by the state's monopoly on natural resources revenues used to finance the government's clientelist system and ensure its stability.[33] Major demonstrations took place in the largest urban centers of Algeria from February to December 2019. Due to their significant scale, the protests attracted international media coverage and provoked reactions from several heads of states and scholarly figures.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
LeMonde_Kherrata_16Febwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Algerians forego weekly protest amid coronavirus". Reuters. 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
- ^ "Hirak supporters demonstrate in Algeria, reject elections". The Arab Weekly. 2021-05-01.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
ElWatan_creation_Forceswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Algerians begin general strike against Bouteflika's rule". The Guardian. 2019-03-10. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
- ^ "General strike in Algeria against Bensalah's ascension to presidency". Middle East Monitor. 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
- ^ "Population out in force for general strike in Algeria". IndustriALL Global Union. 2019-11-07. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ElWatan_RCD_8pourcentwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
APS_official_resultswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Algerian protests blunted without a shot fired in anger". Al Jazeera. 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- ^ Guidara, Amin (2020-01-30). "Algérie: une révision cosmétique de la Constitution" [Algeria: a cosmetic revision of the Constitution]. La Croix. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
ECFR_algeriawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Reporters_FCC_creation_9mars2019was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
LeWatan_creation_FACE_3marswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
ElWatan_DSC_24aout_11novwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
AlgEco_pre_creation_CNLDwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
LAvantGarde_creation_Forceswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
AlgiersHerald_EU_condemns_Algeriawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
EuroParl_condemns-Algeriaawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Echorouk_regional_organizations_condemn_EPwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Reactions pour in over EP's resolution on freedoms in Algeria". Algeria Press Service. 2019-12-01. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
- ^ a b "Größte Proteste gegen Bouteflika: 200 Verletzte und 200 Festnahmen in Algerien" [Biggest protests against Bouteflika: 200 injured and 200 arrests in Algeria]. ZDF (in German). 2019-03-09. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ElWatan_CNLD_1200was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Proteste weiten sich aus: Hunderte Festnahmen in Algerien" [Protests are spreading: hundreds of arrests in Algeria]. n-tv (in German). 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Haaretz_400_arrestswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Adlène Meddi (2019-03-15). "Algérie, les 4 pièges à éviter pour la "révolution du sourire"" [Algeria, the 4 traps to avoid for the "smile revolution"]. Le Point (in French). Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
- ^ Myriam Belkaïd (2019-03-19). "La révolution du sourire, Acte 1, scène 4" [The Smile Revolution, Act 1, Scene 4]. HuffPost Maghreb (in French). Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
- ^ "26th Friday Protest Marches Reiterate Main Hirak Movement's Demands". Algeria Press Service. 2019-08-16. Archived from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
AlgPat_Kherrata_16Febwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Carnegie_Tlemçaniwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Algeria: Said Bouteflika and two spy chiefs arrested". DW. 2019-05-04. Archived from the original on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ "Algeria Military Judge Orders Arrest of Bouteflika's Brother". Asharq Al-Awsat. 2019-05-05. Archived from the original on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ Rasmus Alenius Boserup; Luis Martinez, eds. (2016). Algeria Modern: From opacity to complexity. CERI/Sciences Po. London: Hurst. ISBN 978-1-84904-587-2.