Hijab

Hijab (Arabic: حجاب, romanized: ḥijāb, pronounced [ħɪˈdʒaːb]) refers to head coverings worn by Muslim women.[1][2] Similar to the mitpaḥat/tichel or snood worn by religiously observing married Jewish women, certain headcoverings worn by some Christian women, such as the hanging veil, apostolnik and kapp,[3][4] and the dupatta favored by many Hindu and Sikh women,[5][6][7] the hijab comes in various forms. The term describes a scarf that is wrapped around the head, covering the hair, neck, and ears while leaving the face visible.[8][9] The use of the hijab, voluntarily and involuntarily, has grown globally since the 1970s, with religious Muslims viewing it as a symbol of modesty and faith; it is also worn as a form of adornment.[8][10] There is consensus among mainstream Islamic religious scholars that covering the head is required.[11][12][13][14]

The term ḥijāb was originally used to denote a partition and was sometimes used for Islamic rules of modesty.[8][15] The Qur'an never uses the word hijab (lit. 'barrier') to refer to women's clothing, but rather discusses the attire of women using other terms Jilbāb and khimār (generic headscarf).[16][8][17][15][18][19]

There is variation in interpretations regarding the extent of covering required. Some legal systems accept the hijab as an order to cover everything except the face and hands,[20][21] whilst others accept it as an order to cover the whole body, including the face and hands, via niqab.[22] These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and fiqh developed after the revelation of the Qur'an. Some state that these guidelines are aligned with Qur'anic verses (ayahs) about hijab.[14][23]

Islamic veiling practices vary globally based on local laws and customs. In some regions, the hijab is mandated by law, while in others, its use is subject to restrictions or bans.[24][25] Additionally, women face informal pressure from men and religious women regarding their choice to wear or not wear the hijab.[26][27]

  1. ^ Piela, Anna (6 April 2022). "Muslim Women and the Politics of the Headscarf". Jstor. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  2. ^ Mitchell, Travis (29 June 2021). "9. Religious clothing and personal appearance". Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  3. ^ Khir-Allah, Ghufran (24 May 2021). Framing Hijab in the European Mind: Press Discourse, Social Categorization and Stereotypes. Springer. ISBN 9789811616532.
  4. ^ Lindberg, Christine A. (2012). Oxford American Writer's Thesaurus. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-982992-7.
  5. ^ "Religious clothing and personal appearance". Pew Research Center. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  6. ^ Spurgeon, Andrew B. (14 August 2016). Twin Cultures Separated by Centuries: An Indian Reading of 1 Corinthians. Langham Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-78368-139-6. Ghoonghat (also ghunghat or jhund) is the Hindi word used for a veil or a scarf that a woman in northern India wears to cover her head or face (in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam). Sometimes the end of a sari or dupatta (a long scarf) is pulled over the head or face to function as a ghoonghat.
  7. ^ Garcia, Myrian (15 March 2022). "How India's Religious Headwear Ban Affects Muslims And Not Hindus". Religion Unplugged. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference eogr was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ "Hijab." Cambridge Dictionary, dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hijab. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023.
  10. ^ Nasir, Kamaludeen Mohamed (December 2020). Representing Islam: Hip-Hop of the September 11 Generation. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-05305-3.
  11. ^ "Is Hijab Religious or Cultural? How Islamic Rulings Are Formed".
  12. ^ Aziz, Shamsa (2011). "Veiling and Unveiling: Attitudes and Experiences of University Students in the Punjab". International Journal of Social Sciences and Education. 1 (4): 353–366.
  13. ^ "Part 4: Khomeini & Khamenei on Women". 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Wearing niqab by Muslim women is a divine order, religious freedom and a superior Muslim culture" (PDF). International Islamic Development Management Conference (IDMAC 2019). p. 621. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  15. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference El Guindi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Sahar Amer (2014), What Is Veiling?, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 25-27
  17. ^ Lane's Lexicon page 519 and 812
  18. ^ Contemporary Fatwas by Sheik Yusuf Al Qaradawi, vol. 1, pp. 453-455
  19. ^ Ruh Al Ma’ani by Shihaab Adeen Abi Athanaa’, vol. 18, pp. 309, 313
  20. ^ Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2008.
  21. ^ Glasse, Cyril (2001). "hijab". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Altamira Press. pp. 179–180.
  22. ^ "YÜZÜ ÖRTMENİN HÜKMÜNE DÂİR DETAYLI DELİLLER - İslam Soru-Cevap". islamqa.info.
  23. ^ Ansari, Ustadha Zaynab (11 April 2016). "Can You Clarify the Standard Explanation of the Verse of Hijab? [Shafi'i]". Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  24. ^ Azerbaijan: [1] Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Morocco:[2][3][4], Tunisia:[5][6][7][8] Archived 23 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Egypt:[9][10] Algeria:[11], Turkey: [12][13][14][15][16] France: [17][18], Germany:[19][20] Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Senegal:[21] Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Singapore:[22], Kosovo: [23], Québec: [24], Austria: [25], Switzerland: [26], Denmark: [27], Kazakhstan: [28], Kyrgyzstan: [29], Tajikistan: [30], Turkmenistan: [31], Uzbekistan: [32]
  25. ^ "Saudi Arabia's dress code for women". The Economist. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  26. ^ M. J. Gohari (2000). The Taliban: Ascent to Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 108-110.
  27. ^ Louis A. Cainkar (2009). Homeland Insecurity: The Arab American and Muslim American Experience After 9/11. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9781610447683.
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