Hazaras

This article is about the ethnic group of Afghanistan and is not to be confused with the Hindko-speaking Hazarawal people of the Hazara region in Pakistan, or with the historic Khazar.

Hazara
هزاره
Azra
آزره
Hazara schoolgirls in Bamyan
Total population
c. 4.5–8 million[1][2][a]
Regions with significant populations
Afghanistanc. 3.7 million[4][b]
Pakistanc. 0.4–1 million[19][2][20][21]
Iran500,000[22]
Europe130,000[23]
Australia41,766[24]
Turkey26,000[25]
Indonesia3,800[26]
Canada3,580[27]
Languages
Religion
[28][29]
Related ethnic groups
[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]

The Hazaras (Persian: هزاره, romanized: Hazāra; Hazaragi: آزره, romanized: Āzrə) are an ethnic group and a principal component of Afghanistan’s population. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras also form significant minority communities in Pakistan, mainly in Quetta, and in Iran, primarily in Mashhad. They speak Dari and Hazaragi, dialects of Persian. Dari, also known as Dari Persian, is an official language of Afghanistan, alongside Pashto.

Between 1888 and 1893, more than half of the Hazara population was massacred under the Emirate of Afghanistan,[41] and they have faced persecution at various times over the past decades.[42] Widespread ethnic discrimination,[43][44][45] religious persecution,[46][47][48] organized attacks by terrorist groups,[49][48] harassment, and arbitrary arrest for various reasons have affected Hazaras.[50][51] There have been numerous cases of torture of Hazara women,[52][53][54] land and home seizures,[55][56][57] deliberate economic restrictions, economic marginalization of the Hazara region[58][59][60] and appropriation of Hazara agricultural fields and pastures leading to their forced displacement from Afghanistan.[c]

  1. ^ "Hazara". Joshua Project. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  2. ^ a b c He, Guanghin; et al. (2019). "A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 42: e1 – e12. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018. PMID 31257046. There are approximately 7˜8 million Hazara people residing in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, European, Australia, Canada, and Indonesia. Hazara is the third-largest ethnic group in Afghanistan with a population size of over 2.84 million [7.5% of the population in 2019] and also a large minority group with over 0.65 million people [0.3% of the population in 2019] in Pakistan.
  3. ^ "ENDURING AND OVERCOMING: THE STRUGGLE OF THE HAZARAS IN AFGHANISTAN" [Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development] (PDF). October 2024.
  4. ^ "Hazaras in Afghanistan". Joshua Project. Retrieved 3 May 2025..
  5. ^ "Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation". NATO CFC. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021 – via ReliefWeb. According to 2010 data from the US Department of State, the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan is the Pashtun (including Kuchis), comprising 42% of Afghans.1 The Tajiks are the second largest ethnic group, at 27% of the population, followed by the Hazaras (9%), Uzbeks (9%), Aimaq (4%), Turkmen (3%), Baluch (2%) and other groups that make up 4%.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Iranica-Afghanistan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2025. [...] Ḥazāra [...] constitute nearly one-tenth [of Afghans].
  8. ^ "Minorities in Afghanistan: The Hazara". European Commission. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2025. The fifth ÖIF-länderinfo (5th-country information) reveals the current situation about the Hazara minority in Afghanistan, which account for approximately 9 per cent of the total population.
  9. ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Afghanistan : Hazaras". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2025. Though their exact number is uncertain and as with other communities are contested, relatively recent estimates have suggested that Hazaras make up around 9 per cent of the population.
  10. ^ "Situation of the Hazaras". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2025. At just nine percent, or approximately 2.7 million of Afghanistan's estimated population of 29,835,392 people (US 8 July 2011), the Hazaras are a minority ethnic group.
  11. ^ "Afghanistan". Minority Rights Group International. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2025. [N]o reliable current data on ethnicity in Afghanistan exists, though surveys have pointed to some rough estimates of the population. However, previous estimates have put the population at Pashtun 42 per cent, Tajik 27 per cent, Hazara 9 per cent, Uzbek 9 per cent, Turkmen 3 per cent, Baluchi 2 per cent and other groups making up the remaining 8 per cent.
  12. ^ a b "Afghanistan – Zahlen & Fakten" (in German). Der Fischer Weltalmanach 1969, 2019 (Frankfurt: S. Fischer Verlag). Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  13. ^ "Population of Afghanistan". World Population Review. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
  14. ^ Mobasher, Mohammad Bashir. "Political Laws and Ethnic Accommodation: Why Cross-Ethnic Coalitions Have Failed to Institutionalize in Afghanistan" (PDF). digital.lib.washington.edu. University of Washington.
  15. ^ a b "Who are the Hazara people of Afghanistan?". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2025. While some accounts maintain that the Hazaras are one of Afghanistan's largest ethnic groups — albeit commanding about 20, not 67, percent of the population — others believe they constitute less than 9 percent.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Khazeni-2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference ngm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "ENDURING AND OVERCOMING: THE STRUGGLE OF THE HAZARAS IN AFGHANISTAN" [Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development] (PDF). October 2024.
  19. ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan : Shi'a and Hazaras". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. June 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2025. The majority of Hazaras in Pakistan, approximately 500,000, live in the city of Quetta, the provincial capital of Baluchistan.
  20. ^ Jafree, Sara Rizvi; Nadir, Syed Mujtaba Hasnain; Mahmood, Qaisar Khalid; Burhan, Syeda Khadija (26 March 2023). "The migrant Hazara Shias of Pakistan and their social determinants for PTSD, mental disorders and life satisfaction". Journal of Migration and Health. 7 100166. doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2023.100166. PMC 9922968. PMID 36794096. Recent reports state that there are up to 1 million Hazara Shias living in Pakistan, of which 0.7 million live in Balochistan [...]. Other reports claim that the population of Hazara Shias in Balochistan is approximately 0.4 to 0.5 million [...].
  21. ^ "Country policy and information note: Hazaras, Pakistan, July 2022 (accessible)". Government of the United Kingdom. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025. n a total population of nearly 243 million, an estimated 600,000 to one million Hazaras live in Pakistan.
  22. ^ Smyth, Phillip (3 June 2014). "Iran's Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  23. ^ "Austria holds refugee talks as young Hazaras flee persecution to make 'dangerous' journey to Europe – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". mobile.abc.net.au. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  24. ^ "Cultural Diversity". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  25. ^ "Afghan Hazara Refugees Seek Justice in Turkey". 3 June 2014.
  26. ^ Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league, Al Jazeera, 21 March 2014, retrieved 5 August 2016
  27. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories". 14 July 2024.
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference culturalorientation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference شناسنامه الکترونیکی was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Spuler, B. (24 April 2012), "Aymak", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill
  31. ^ Haber, M; Platt, DE; Ashrafian Bonab, M; et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  32. ^ Brasher, Ryan (2011). "Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 55: 97–120. JSTOR 23345249.
  33. ^ "Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan". 17 September 2020.
  34. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  35. ^ Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  36. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  37. ^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (18 August 2019). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference Temirkhanov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bacon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия – электронная версия". bigenc.ru. In Russian: "Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."
  41. ^ Alessandro Monsutti (15 December 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  42. ^ Mousavi, S. A. (2018). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-80016-0.
  43. ^ "Hazaras in Afghanistan". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  44. ^ "Hazaras and Shias: Violence, Discrimination, and Exclusion Under the Taliban". www.jurist.org. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  45. ^ "The Plight of Hazaras Under the Taliban Government". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  46. ^ KabulNow (27 October 2024). "Taliban Intensifies Campaign Against "Banned" Books in Central Afghanistan". KabulNow. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  47. ^ "hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/Hazaras(AfghanistanAndPakistan)". 3 December 2025.
  48. ^ a b "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 6 September 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  49. ^ "Deliberate Attacks On Civilians And Hazaras Are War Crimes, Says HRW". Afghanistan International. 4 May 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  50. ^ Taj, Zareen (10 April 2024). "Taliban Gender Apartheid: Genocide of Hazara Women". genocidewatch. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  51. ^ Times, Zan (22 January 2024). "'I was arrested for the crime of being a Hazara and a woman': The Taliban's 'bad hijab' campaign targets Hazara women". Zan Times. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  52. ^ "/8am.media/eng/one-experience-two-perspectives-inside-the-lives-of-women-in-talibans-detention-centers-in-kabul/". 6 April 2024.
  53. ^ Manish, Abdul Wahed (18 September 2023). "The Taliban Abducted a Hazara Girl from Islamic Darul Uloom for Forced Marriage". Voice of Citizen News. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  54. ^ "Strange Exiles; Taliban Tortured Hazara Girls under the Name of Unbelievers and Rejectionists | Jade Abresham". 16 October 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  55. ^ rmasumi1 (13 October 2023). "Taliban Confiscate Hazara Land". genocidewatch. Retrieved 20 June 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ "Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia | Human Rights Watch". 22 October 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  57. ^ Watch, Genocide (19 July 2024). "Intensifying persecution of Hazaras in Afghanistan". genocidewatch. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  58. ^ "#6: Life under the Taliban". www.vidc.org. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  59. ^ Iltaf, Maisam (23 January 2024). "Taliban's Disruption of Aid Programs Push Hazaras To the Brink". KabulNow. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  60. ^ "Unfair Distribution of Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan". Bamyan Foundation. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  61. ^ Qazi, Shereena. "Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?". Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  62. ^ "8am.media/eng/the-massacre-of-hazaras-in-oruzgan-ethnic-prejudice-and-land-grab-politics/". 27 September 2023.
  63. ^ "Law of the Gun". KabulNow. 23 January 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  64. ^ "The conflict between Hazaras and Kuchis over the pasture and land" (PDF).
  65. ^ "/kuchi-land-grabbers-speed-up-construction-works-on-hazara-settlements-in-ghaznis-jaghatu-district/". 17 December 2022.
  66. ^ "Opinion: The gradual genocide of Hazara in Afghanistan". www.massey.ac.nz. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  67. ^ "Between a rock and a hard place: The Hazaras in Afghanistan". orfonline.org. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  68. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer (29 August 2021). "Hazara Shias flee Afghanistan fearing Taliban persecution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  69. ^ ""Who are the Hazaras and what are they escaping By Reuters"". Reuters. 22 September 2016.


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