Hanbali school
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The Hanbali school[a] or Hanbalism is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence, belonging to the Ahl al-Hadith tradition within Sunni Islam.[1] It is named after and based on the teachings of the 9th-century scholar, jurist and traditionist, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (c. 780–855 CE), and later institutionalized by his students. One who subscribes to the Hanbali school is called a Hanbali (Arabic: ٱلْحَنْبَلِيّ, romanized: al-ḥanbalī, pl. ٱلْحَنْبَلِيَّة, al-ḥanbaliyya, or ٱلْحَنَابِلَة, al-ḥanābila). It mostly adheres to the Athari school of theology and is the smallest out of the four major Sunni schools, the others being the Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i schools.[2][3][4]
Like the other Sunni schools, it primarily derives sharia from the Quran, hadith and views of Muhammad's companions.[1] In cases where there is no clear answer in the sacred texts of Islam, the Hanbali school does not accept juristic discretion or customs of a community as sound bases to derive Islamic law on their own—methods that the Hanafi and Maliki schools accept.[4] Hanbalis are the majority in Saudi Arabia and Qatar where the Salafi movement has grown.[5][6][7] As such, Hanbalis form barely 5% of the Sunni Muslim population worldwide.[8]
With the rise of the 18th-century conservative Wahabbi movement, the Hanbali school experienced a great decline.[9] The Wahhabi movement's founder, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, collaborated with the House of Saud to spread Wahhabi teachings around the world.[9] British orientalist Michael Cook argues Ahmad ibn Hanbal's own beliefs played "no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism",[10] and "the older Hanbalite authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis".[10] Wahhabi scholars such as al-Albani, al-Wadi'i and Ibn Baz eventually began to criticize taqlid to any of the four schools, including the Hanbali school.[11]
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- ^ a b Ramadan, Hisham M. (2006). Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary. Rowman Altamira. pp. 24–29. ISBN 978-0-7591-0991-9.
- ^ Gregory Mack, Jurisprudence, in Gerhard Böwering et al (2012), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0, p. 289
- ^ "Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014.
- ^ a b Ziauddin Sardar (2014), Mecca: The Sacred City, Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-62040-266-5, p. 100
- ^ Daryl Champion (2002), The Paradoxical Kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the Momentum of Reform, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-12814-8, p. 23 footnote 7
- ^ Barry Rubin (2009), Guide to Islamist Movements, Volume 2, ME Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-1747-7, p. 310
- ^ State of Qatar School of Law, Emory University
- ^ Mohammad Hashim Kamali (2008), Shari'ah Law: An Introduction, ISBN 978-1-85168-565-3, Chapter 4
- ^ a b Zaman, Muhammad (2012). Modern Islamic thought in a radical age. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17, 62–95. ISBN 978-1-107-09645-5.
- ^ a b Michael Cook, “On the Origins of Wahhābism,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jul., 1992), p. 198
- ^ Pierret, Thomas (2013-03-25). Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-1070-2641-4.